Topic: Organization, stages and main features of the world economy

Sana	15.02.2023
Hajmi	59.28 Kb.
	#1201575

Bog'liq
Kurs ishi mavzu Jahon xo‘jaligining tashkil topishi, bosqichlar

COURSE WORK
Topic: Organization, stages and main features of the world economy.
Contents:
Introduction
Main part
Chapter I World economy and the main essence of the
international economy Organization, stages and main features of the world economy.
The main forms of international economic relations.
The essence, forms and objective foundations of international economic integration.
Chapter II The role of Uzbekistan in the world economy
2.1 The penetration of Uzbekistan's economy into the world economy.
World market. International currency and credit relations.
Summary.
Reference list
Introduction
Relevance of the topic of the course work. In the current period, the socio-economic development
of the countries of the world differs sharply from the previous stages in terms of its meaning. The
most basic and important aspect is the increasing integration and globalization of national
economies. At the same time, these processes affect the intensiﬁcation of competition in the
international arena, the intensiﬁcation of the struggle of each country to strengthen its position in
the international division of labor.
The development of foreign economic activity is an extremely important issue for every country.
The task of improving the structural structure of the economy is always in the center of our
attention when implementing economic reforms, and it is an important factor of our achievements
in terms of economic development. The complex processes taking place in the world economy
have strengthened the need for continuous improvement of its structural structure in order to
sustainably develop the economy and increase its competitiveness. The competitiveness of the
country is primarily expressed through the competitiveness of its economy. This directly depends
on policy instruments in the ﬁeld of foreign economic activity.
Goals and objectives of the course work. The main goal of the course work is to shed light on the
world economy, international economic relations, and to give practical suggestions and
recommendations regarding problems in this area and their solutions.
The object and subject of the course work. The object of this course work is national economies,
transnational corporations (TMC), integrated associations, international economic organizations.
Foreign Trade Activity of Uzbekistan represents the subject of the course work.
Theoretical and methodological sources of course work. the course work was carried out using the
works and scientiﬁc works of a number of foreign and domestic economists and experts on world
economy, international economy.
I. Stages and main features of the establishment of the world economy.
.
The emergence of the world economy is an objective historical process, consisting of the
deepening of economic relations between different countries. As a result of the long-term
development of the market economy, a world economy in the form of a capitalist economy
emerged in the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
The global economy consists of a whole system of international economic relations and means of
their implementation.
As a result of scientiﬁc and technical progress, the development of productive forces and the
deepening of the distribution of food led to the development of national economies and the need
to move from the domestic market to the foreign market.
Distribution of mekhnat began to take place not only within one country, but also between
countries. As a result, international cocktail distribution was created. The international distribution
of cocktails has become an environmental factor of the establishment and development of the
world economy.

The global economy is the result of the centuries-long development of the productive forces, the
continuous deepening of the distribution of income on the national, regional and global scale, the
exit of the production of different countries from the isolated situation and their gradual entry into
the international economic system.
The deepening of the international trade distribution is considered to be the objective basis of
scientiﬁc-technical, production, trade-economic relations between the countries, and because of
this, the internationalization of production becomes a global process.
Therefore, the international distribution of cocktails is a decisive factor in the formation and
development of the entire world economy. The global economy includes all national economies.
The global economy has an object and a subject in relational style.
If the distribution and effective use of resources on an international scale, the specialization of
production, its cooperation, economic integration, trade, scientiﬁc and technical cooperation,
putting an end to communalism and poverty, conducting economic activities that do not harm the
environment are the objects of global relations, different countries, international and national ﬁrms,
international organizations are considered their subjects.
Stage I. At the initial stage of the development of the world economy, countries were divided into
two categories:
Capitalist monopoly countries.
Colonial, semi-colonial and colonial countries.
II stage. In the period from 1920 to 1990, the world economy was divided into two opposing
economic systems, that is, the world capitalist and socialist economic systems.
The socialist world economy was defeated in the sharp economic, ideological and political
competition between them.
III stage. At the current stage of the world economy, the independent countries that are going
through the period of transition to the market economy are forming a market economy system
typical of many countries by introducing economic reforms to enter the world economy.
The global economy develops on the basis of certain laws. The global economy follows the laws of
the market.
a) The world economy is a product of the distribution of labor, but this economy deepens the
distribution of labor and strengthens the internationalization of production. This allows reducing
costs and increasing the quality of products and services based on specialization.
b) Economic relations in the world economy develop and their forms change, the circle of
participants expands due to new countries. In the following years, the young countries of Central
Asia, including the Republic of Uzbekistan, entered this circle.
v) The deepening of economic relations brings international economic integration to the surface,
and integration becomes their highest form. Inter-country, inter-regional integration relations will
eventually end with global integration.
g) One of the important laws of the world economy is the convergence of different countries in
terms of the level of development. This process is based on inter-country competition,
transformation of less developed countries into economically developed countries. (for example:
England was an industrially developed country at the end of the 19th century, and by the 70s of the
20th century, the USA, Japan, France, Germany, Canada and Italy were also developed countries.
By the mid-80s, new industrialized countries in Asia joined their ranks . South Korea, Taiwan, Hong
Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand have joined.The
convergence and equalization of the economic levels of different countries is considered the result
of civilized relations.)
The internationalization of production binds the economies of countries together. As a result, equal
and mutually beneﬁcial relations strengthen the inﬂuence of countries on less developed countries
and support their development.
d) One of the most important features of the world economic development in the current period is
the growing interdependence between different countries and economic regions.
The dependence of qualiﬁcations on world principles in the ﬁelds of trade, production, currency
and ﬁnance is considered an objective reality. At the present time, regardless of how developed its
economy is, it is impossible to ensure its continuous economic development without involving it in
global economic relations.

The world is divided into various social and economic systems, international groups, which differ
from each other in terms of goals and mechanisms of action.
Classiﬁcation of the countries of the World Community is carried out on the basis of various
criteria.
I. Approaching the classiﬁcation of the countries of the World Community on a general basis, it is
possible to distinguish three groups of countries according to the nature of economic systems:
a) developed;
b) developing in the market economy;
c) countries without a market economy.
According to the level of development, three groups are distinguished: low, medium and high
developed countries.
Newly industrialized countries (GDP) in Northeast Asia and Latin America.
High-income oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.).
Least developed countries (LDCs) (Ecuador), including the poorest countries (Chad, Bangladesh,
Ethiopia), are divided into various regional alliances and international groups.
VI. Cura to the Sinuii approach:
Socialist countries;
Capitalist Countries:
Third World Countries.
All this diversity is drawn into a whole, through various aspects of economic interdependence.
The internationalization of the economy is a recurring phenomenon, which creates various
relations in the world economy.
Subjects of the world economy. The world economic system can be expressed in the form of a
mechanism consisting of its components or main participants - subjects.
The main of these subjects are national economies, transnational corporations (TMC), integrated
associations, and international economic organizations. National economies are an important
subject of the world economy. The main characteristic of national economies is that most
countries of the world maintain economic sovereignty.
At ﬁrst, national ﬁrms engaged in foreign economic activities in one or another country, and the
domestic market of the country was considered the main market for them. But in the last decade,
most of our companies have risen to the level of TNCs, and the whole world has become an area of
our business (trade, industry, ﬁnance). As a result, TNCs have become an important independent
part of the world economy, and they account for 1/5-1/4 of the world's gross domestic product.
As a result of the activities of TNCs, the economies of most countries have joined together and are
forming international regional economic associations. These associations have become a
structural mechanism of the world economy, some of them, including the European Union (EU),
operate on behalf of their members in the outside world. But most integration associations (with
the exception of Yale and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA)) do not have a
strong inﬂuence on the national economy of their members.
Currently, international economic integration is successfully implemented in relatively developed
regions of the world, while in other regions, this process will deepen proportionally with the
increase in the level of development of the world.
In the years after the Second World War, the number and status of international economic
organizations increased dramatically.
One of the important tasks of international economic organizations is to prepare statistical
analyzes on the development of the world economy. Publications of the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) (World Economic Outlook), World Bank (World Development Report), UNCTAD (World
Investment Report), World Trade Organization (WTO) (World Trade Report) and other organizations
are widely used in practice.
Figure 1.2.1. Development stages of the world economy International economic relations gradually
became a structural element of the world economy. Currently, international economic relations can
be evaluated as an independent economic system formed as a result of the development of the
world economy. Such conﬁrmations are also reﬂected in the development process of the world
economy and its stages (Figure 1.2.1). The development practice of the world economy makes it
possible to distinguish the following principles and laws of development speciﬁc to the modern

world economy, which apply at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. 1.
Deepening of the process of internationalization of the economic life of the countries of the world .
2. Liberalization of foreign economic relations. 3. Strengthening of regional economic integration.
4. Transnationalization of production and capital. 5. Establishing a system of interstate regulation
of world economic relations and uniﬁcation of economic rules. 6. Globalization of the world
economy. II. The main forms of international economic relations. The activity of the world
economy as a system is related to the movement of goods, services and factors of production.
International economic relations are formed on the basis of this dependence. International
economic relations are economic relations between residents and non-residents. It is possible to
group according to the forms of international economic relations. Traditionally, international trade
of goods, services and intellectual property is separated as a separate form. The movement of
production factors takes place in the form of international economic relations, international capital
movement, international labor migration, international transfer of technologies. Unlike capital, labor
and technology, natural resources, which are considered one of the important economic resources,
are not mobile, so they participate in world economic relations through the international trade of
products prepared on the basis of their processing. The factor of entrepreneurial ability moves
together with capital, labor and technology, therefore it does not participate as a separate form of
international economic relations. The next form of international economic relations, international
currency-credit and ﬁnancial relations, is recognized as a product of international trade and
international movement of production factors, but it is recognized as independent economic
relations of special importance in the world economy. International distribution of cocktails is the
basis of international economic relations, that is, economic relations between different countries.
International economic relations are manifested in the following forms: international trade with
goods and services, movement of capital and foreign investments; labor migration; interstate
cooperation of production; exchange in the ﬁeld of science and technology; currency-credit
relations. Trade is in the leading position in international economic relations. Trade in international
economic relations is carried out through the world market. As a result of the development of the
international distribution of cocktails and the strengthening of the specialization of countries, the
world market is formed. A global market is a stable trading relationship between different
countries connected to each other through international trade. The world market consists of
markets for goods, services, ﬁnance, scientiﬁc discoveries, and cocktails. The deeper the
international distribution of cocktails, the more the global market will expand, the goods and
services sold there will increase, and the number of market participants will increase. The global
market has its own infrastructure. (International commodity exchanges, stock exchanges, banks,
auctions, ﬁnance-insurance, trade-industrial companies, recruiting ﬁrms...) In the global market,
countries specialize in certain goods and services for objective and subjective reasons, and they
are one -delivers goods to one. (The objective reasons for specialization are the countries'
geographical location, climate, underground and surface resources. Subjective reasons are the
development of science and technology and qualiﬁed personnel in the country.) The global market
has a strong inﬂuence on the development of the national economy. Currently, it is not possible to
produce all types of industrial and agricultural products within one country. As a result, the
developed countries are forced to buy the goods they need from the US, Japan and other countries
on the world market. (For example: the USA needs to import products such as coffee, cocoa, silk,
nickel, natural rubber, diamonds.) Countries are classiﬁed according to their economic position in
the world market. They are divided into two groups: a) countries that supply ﬁnished products and
b) countries that supply raw materials. Developed countries export more ﬁnished goods (supplies),
while developing and developed countries export more raw materials. The position of various
countries in the world market depends, ﬁrstly, on their economic strength, and secondly, on the
deep specialization of their production, that is, on their export orientation. Through the global
market, money capital, labor and technology are distributed among countries. The global market, in
contrast to the national market, is based on the inter-country specialization of production and the
need to supply goods to each other. International movement of capital is the placement and
operation of capital abroad. It is issued abroad in the following forms: a) in the form of private or
state capital. The movement of capital through international organizations is often distinguished
as an independent form; b) in the form of money and goods. In particular, capital issue can be in

the form of machinery and equipment, patents, know-how, and commodity loans. c) in the form of
short-term and long-term loans; g) in the form of loans and business capital. Capital in the form of
loans earns interest on deposits, and capital in the form of business earns proﬁts. One of the most
complex aspects of international economic relations is the international migration of labor force,
which is expressed in the movement of labor resources from one country to another in order to
provide employment in more favorable conditions. Along with economic factors, the process of
international migration is inﬂuenced by political, ethnic, cultural and other factors. International
migration includes two main components: emigration and immigration. Emigration means
departure from one country to another country for permanent residence, immigration means
entering the host country for permanent residence. For example: in 2004, 7 mln. someone came
and worked. Migration takes place between CIS countries and between them and distant foreign
countries. Uzbekistan also participates in this process. According to some data, migrant workers
from Uzbekistan numbered 700,000 people in 2002. In 2004, there were 5,000 illegal migrants from
Uzbekistan in the Republic of Korea (ECO No. 5, 2004, p. 12) . It can happen anyway. Scientiﬁc-
enlightenment-technical cooperation between countries is of great importance in the global
economy. This cooperation includes the exchange of scientiﬁc and technical information, experts,
employees of the ﬁeld of science, providing research and news on the basis of a license, carrying
out scientiﬁc and research works, joint ventures for the production of general science, technology
and technology. (Engineering is one of the most important forms of scientiﬁc and technical
cooperation. International engineering consists of the provision by this country of the necessary
accounting projects for the design and construction of industrial and other objects, as well as the
provision of engineering and construction services.) budgets and large companies create various
monetary funds and provide various assistance from these funds. For example: in order for
Uzbekistan to enter the market economy, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
the World Bank, and the European Union are providing free training of personnel, helping them to
improve their qualiﬁcations abroad. One of the main forms of international economic relations is
economic integration relations. The role of these relations is increasing nowadays. III. The
essence, forms and objective foundations of international economic integration. At the beginning
of the 20th century, the following two interrelated trends are operating in the world economy: - the
process of formation of the integrity of the world economy - globalization; - regional economic
integration. The term international economic integration (XII) was ﬁrst used in the works of
German and Swedish economists in the 30s of the 20th century. The word integration is derived
from the Latin word "integratio" and means "joining", "uniting", "turning of parts into a whole".
International economic integration means a high level of internationalization of production on the
basis of deep and stable interactions between national economies and division of labor, which
leads to the gradual integration of the production structure of a number of countries. The goal of
international economic integration is to eliminate the restrictions that hinder the free movement of
goods, services and production factors in the future. Goods, services, money and labor resources
that are the basis of production, scientiﬁc-technical cooperation and exchange are considered
objects of XII, and economic parties implementing international production, scientiﬁc-technical
cooperation and exchange are considered subjects of XII. It is necessary to distinguish the
integration structure according to the level achieved in the integration of production, and it is
necessary to take into account the fact that the integration can have a formal and real character.
Formal integration is the generalization of production at the international level, on the basis of
which economic relations between countries are organized on the basis of international division of
labor. Real economic integration will consist of international generalization of production based on
the parity of socio-economic indicators of the participating countries. Economic integration, in turn,
creates conditions for the improvement of indicators of socio-economic development of
participating countries. World practice shows that countries with a small domestic market, not rich
in resources, with a small share in the world GNP, beneﬁt more from integration . The nature,
purpose and stages of international economic integration According to the analysis, XII is based
on the following objective factors and reasons: - growing internationalization of economic life; -
deepening of the international division of labor; - the uniqueness of global scientiﬁc and technical
development; - increase in openness of national economies; - increase of incomes in integrating
countries; - emergence of new trade ﬂows; - increase in economic well-being due to the decrease in

production costs, prices of goods and services; - strengthening of the economic position of the
member countries of the integration union in relation to third countries; - the development of
political cooperation in the region and the strengthening of the political position of the member
countries of the integration union in relation to third countries. Conditions and stages of
development of economic integration. The conditions for the formation of economic integration
are as follows: - the level of economic development of the integrating countries and the closeness
of the level of development of market relations. In most cases, international integration develops
between industrially advanced or developing countries; - the geographic proximity of the
integrating countries, in most cases the presence of a common border and historically formed
economic ties. Most of the integrated associations in the world started from neighboring countries
that are geographically close to each other, have borders, transport connections, and often speak
the same language; - generalization of the economic and other problems facing the integrating
countries. Economic integration focuses on solving a speciﬁc set of problems facing countries; -
the effect of demonstrating superiority. In the countries that have formed an integration union,
positive economic changes (acceleration of economic growth, reduction of inﬂation, increase in
employment, etc.) usually occur, and this situation has a certain psychological impact on other
countries that are following these changes. 'secret shows; - "domino effect". While most of the
countries of the region are members of the integration union, the countries outside the union face
some economic problems. These problems are related to the integrity of the economic relations of
the countries belonging to this group. This often leads to a reduction in trade with countries that
remain outside the economic union for fear of being left out of the integration framework. The
integrated associations that are forming and developing in the world economy have the following
tasks: 1. Using the advantages of a large-scale economy. Expanding the size of markets based on
the theory of large-scale economics. reduce transaction costs and use a number of other
advantages. This, in turn, directly allows attracting foreign direct investment, which enters large
markets with great enthusiasm. 2. Creating a favorable foreign political environment. The purpose
of most integration associations is to strengthen mutual understanding and cooperation of the
participating countries in political, military, social, cultural and other spheres. 3. To solve the task of
trade policy. Regional integration is often seen in terms of negotiations between participating
countries within the framework of the GATT/WTO. The statement on behalf of the bloc of countries
is a serious matter and will have the expected results in the ﬁeld of trade policy. 4. To support the
structural restructuring of the economy. while integrating their national economy into the
integration processes, more developed countries will also be interested in the creation of a full-
ﬂedged and large-scale market in those countries and the development of market reforms in them.
Joining Yale in one form or another, many Western European countries have pursued this goal. 5.
Support of young industries of the national industry. Integrative associations are seen as a
supportive way to open up a wider regional market for local producers to operate in, even if they do
not apply discriminatory measures to third countries. Historically, integration processes have their
own stages of development. Each of them represents a certain level of development. The
foundations of the typology of integration groups are reﬂected in the evaluation of the convergence
of the national economy of the participating countries at the macro and micro level and how
deeply they penetrate each other economically (Table 16.2.1). Table 16.2.1 Countries entering
economic integration will have the following advantages: - integration of national markets leads to
the expansion of the domestic market of countries, which, in turn, stimulates the growth of the
total gross domestic product; - the increase in the purchasing power of the population leads to an
increase in the average per capita income and a decrease in the price of goods; - production
eﬃciency and competitiveness increase; - increase in the "economy of scale" resulting from the
deepening of the level of production specialization; - formation of a relatively eﬃcient structure of
production taking into account the competitive advantages of the member countries; - increasing
investment attractiveness due to unifying the market, ensuring free movement of production
factors, increasing labor productivity and income; - acceleration of economic growth. All of these
factors are interrelated, and integration is the process of development of stable economic relations
based on the international division of labor between countries and the departure of reproduction
from the national economy. Economic integration in the global economy is an integral connection
between national markets and national economies of countries, ensuring harmonious

development, free movement of resources within different countries, uniﬁcation for the purpose of
creating a single common market. (International economic integration is the process of the
development of deep, stable mutual relations between different countries and economic relations
between them on the basis of the distribution of labor between national economies.) The main
forms of international economic integration are considered to be the following: Free trade zones .
This is the simplest form of economic integration, in which trade restrictions between participating
countries are abolished. Trade between the countries that make up this zone will be free, customs
fees will be abolished, and quotas (norms) will not be set for exports. An example of this is the
mutual agreement between the European Free Trade Association and the CIS countries. Customs
Union. This form of economic integration, together with the operation of free trade zones, requires
the establishment of uniform foreign trade deﬁnitions and the conduct of a uniform foreign trade
policy towards the third country. (the European Union is an example of a customs union). Payment
Union. This ensures the free exchange of national currencies and the use of a single monetary unit
for settlement. A payment union for the European Community, Southeast Asia and the CIS
countries is the ultimate goal. General market. It is a complex form of economic integration that
provides its participants with free trade and a single foreign trade deﬁnition, free movement of
capital and labor, and mutually agreed economic policies. For example: Common market or
European economic union. Within its framework, all customs duties, import quotas (norms) will be
abolished, the entry of goods from other countries into the European market will be regulated in the
same way, the free ﬂow of money and labor will be ensured across the border, and a uniﬁed policy
will be adopted to solve common problems. Economic and monetary union. This is the highest
form of interstate economic integration. In this case, all the considered forms of economic
integration are adapted along with the transfer of general economic and currency-ﬁnancial policy.
A number of objective factors of the process of international economic integration dictate:
Internationalization of economic relations; Deepening of international cocktail distribution;
Universal science and technology revolution; Increasing openness of the national economy.
International economic integration. It creates favorable conditions for the economic development
of every participating country. Now the world economy is characterized by globalization, that is,
globalization. Globalization is the globalization of the economy, the inﬂuence of the national
economy of each country on changes in the world economy. Globalization also occurs in countries
that are not integrated in the process of integration. As a result, labor force, capital, investment,
new technology and ﬁnally new economic ideas will quickly spread around the world, the economy
will develop, prosperity will increase, and the number of poor people will decrease on earth.
Globalization causes investments to ﬂow to countries with the highest returns. As a result, the
world's economic growth will accelerate, globalization will bring great beneﬁts to the world
economy (but it will also cause a number of problems). IV. The penetration of Uzbekistan's
economy into the world economy . Due to national independence, Uzbekistan is entering the world
economy system. In this situation, it is necessary to form a unique system of managing the foreign
economic complex, develop rules and principles for establishing foreign relations, and determine
the ways to join the republic's global economic system. At the ﬁrst stage of economic reforms, the
principles and strategy of joining the world economy, foreign economic activities were developed
and implemented. It should be noted that the foreign economic policy is based on the principle of
equality and mutual beneﬁt, not falling under the inﬂuence of any country, deepening cooperation
within the framework of international economic unions, and establishing relations with different
countries free of independent and biased views. August 31, 1991 - the day of the oﬃcial
declaration of independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan - is the date of the beginning of large-
scale and dynamic integration of our country into the international community. As of July 1, 2015,
Uzbekistan has established diplomatic relations with more than 130 countries of the world.
Embassies of 45 foreign countries, 9 honorary consulates, representative oﬃces of 11
international organizations, representative oﬃces of 5 international ﬁnancial organizations, and 3
trade representative oﬃces with diplomatic status are operating in Tashkent. Today, 46 diplomatic
and consular oﬃces of the Republic of Uzbekistan operate in foreign countries and international
organizations. Uzbekistan is a member of more than 100 international organizations and is
developing relations with various multilateral cooperation structures. According to the concept of
foreign political activity of the country, the main priority direction of Uzbekistan's foreign policy is

the Central Asian region, and the vital interests of the country are closely related to this region.
Uzbekistan's policy in Central Asia is aimed at ensuring peace and stability in the region, helping to
solve the most important problems of regional security, including the situation in Afghanistan, fair
and rational use of water resources of transboundary rivers of Central Asia, and ecological stability
in the region. It is aimed at completing border delimitation and demarcation processes, taking
effective measures to combat new threats, establishing close, beneﬁcial and practical cooperation
with all neighboring countries.
Uzbekistan will always be a supporter of open, friendly and pragmatic policy in relations with its
close neighbors, all current political, economic and environmental problems in the region will be
dealt with by Central Asian countries, taking into account mutual interests. supports dialogue and
resolution on the basis of international law norms.
Based on the traditional position of non-interference in the internal affairs of this country,
Uzbekistan pursues a policy of good neighborliness and friendship with Afghanistan, based on
mutual national interests and the choice of the Afghan people. prefers to organize on a bilateral
basis, respecting 'l. According to Uzbekistan, the only way to solve the Afghan problem is through
political negotiations based on the ﬁnancial, economic and humanitarian support of donor
countries and the active participation of the United Nations. is to reach an agreement between the
warring parties.
The priority direction of Uzbekistan's foreign policy is the CIS member countries. Historically
formed political, economic, transport-communication and other ties connect Uzbekistan with these
countries. Uzbekistan will continue to establish bilateral cooperative relations with all CIS countries
on the basis of equal rights, mutual beneﬁts, taking into account and respecting each other's
interests.
The Agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Russian
Federation (June 16, 2004), the Agreement on Allied Relations (November 14, 2005), as well as the
Deepening of Strategic Partnership (June 4, 2012) consistent development and comprehensive
strengthening of friendly relations with the Russian Federation is in the interests of both countries
and serves to strengthen stability and security in the region.
Further strengthening and diversiﬁcation of trade and economic relations and investment
cooperation, combating transnational threats and cooperation in regional security issues are
important aspects of bilateral relations between Uzbekistan and Russia.
The development of mutually beneﬁcial and practical cooperation with the United States of
America on the basis of common interests remains a priority in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan.
These relations are based on the Declaration on the Basics of Strategic Partnership and
Cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the USA, signed on March 12, 2002. The
issues of expanding cooperation in the ﬁeld of investments and technologies in order to support
the establishment of peace and stability in Afghanistan, to ﬁght against transnational dangers and
threats, and to support the processes of modernization and reforms carried out in Uzbekistan are
important aspects of bilateral relations. are complaints.
Uzbekistan pays great attention to the development of mutually beneﬁcial cooperation with
European countries, as well as the European Union and NATO. The development of trade,
investment and ﬁnancial cooperation, the transfer of high technologies, relations in the ﬁelds of
science, technology, education, ecology, health and culture, as well as issues of strengthening
regional security are important ways of Uzbekistan's cooperation with European countries and
organizations. are complaints.
As a close regional neighbor and a country that plays an important role in solving global problems,
Uzbekistan is interested in further strengthening strategic partnership relations with the People's
Republic of China.
Further development of bilateral relations with China to the Joint Declaration on the Establishment
of Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the People's Republic of China
signed on June 6, 2012, Friendship signed on September 9, 2013 and is based on the cooperation
agreement and the joint declaration on the further development and deepening of bilateral
strategic partnership relations.
Expand trade and economic relations with all leading countries in the Asia-Paciﬁc region on a
mutually beneﬁcial basis, attract investment and new technologies to the priority production

sectors of Uzbekistan's economy, as well as science, education, health care, culture and tourism
development of relations in the ﬁelds are the main directions of cooperation.
The Republic of Uzbekistan supports the development of comprehensive and mutually beneﬁcial
relations with South Asian countries. In particular, he is interested in further development of
cooperation with India and Pakistan in trade-economic and transport-communication spheres.
Mutually beneﬁcial relations with the countries of the Near and Middle East, including within the
framework of the OCT and ITB, are consistently developing and strengthening in the ﬁelds of
economy, transport communications, ﬁnance and investment.
Uzbekistan has been participating in the work of prestigious international organizations, ﬁrst of all,
in the activities of the UN. Uzbekistan considers the UN to be the only universal and responsible
organization for maintaining peace and security in the world, helping to ensure the stable
development of countries in the ongoing globalization processes.
Our republic also actively participates in the work of regional organizations. Within the framework
of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Uzbekistan supports the development of cooperation in
the ﬁght against regional security threats, support for the stable socio-economic development of
member countries, and the implementation of joint infrastructural and investment projects.
The priorities of Uzbekistan's multilateral cooperation within the Commonwealth of Independent
States include trade and economic cooperation, development of transport and communication
networks, and combating transnational security threats and dangers.
As an independent country, Uzbekistan is taking active measures to create an open economy and
liberalize foreign economic activities. Therefore, within a short time after gaining independence,
our Republic established diplomatic relations with more than 80 countries, opened diplomatic
embassies in more than 20 countries of the world. Many international organizations - UN economic
institutions, the World Bank, the International Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the
International Finance Corporation, and other international ﬁnancial and economic organizations
have become members.
The ﬁrst union that the republic became a member of was the Commonwealth of Independent
States (established in 1991), as well as the economic cooperation organization established by
Turkey, Iran and Pakistan together with Central Asian countries (1994).
Based on the requirements of Uzbekistan's integration into the international community, all
institutions necessary to engage in foreign economic activities (Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations, National Bank of Foreign Economic Activities, Customs Service, etc.) were practically
reorganized.
From the Cabinet of Ministers to the local level of management and enterprises, relevant external
economic bureaus were established. Trading houses were opened and chambers of commerce
and industry were established in several countries of the world.
Along with foreign trade, other forms of economic cooperation have also developed signiﬁcantly.
The number of enterprises with foreign investment registered on the territory of the republic has
increased to 3445. The development of multilateral relations and cooperation of the Central Asian
countries is given ﬁrst-class importance in foreign economic activity.
The agreement on the single economic space between Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
began to bear fruit. The penetration of Uzbekistan into the world community is reﬂected in the UN
projects implemented in the republic in the ﬁelds of economy, education, health care, culture, and
science.
Economic and trade cooperation with European Union countries, participation of our country in
NATO's "Partnership for Peace" program is the next direction of its penetration into the world
economy. In particular, the partnership and cooperation agreement signed between the European
Union and our republic (July 1996) is a priority direction of foreign economic activity.
Uzbekistan's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank is the next
direction of foreign economic activity. In this direction, the IMF approved programs for ﬁnancing
structural reconstructions, supporting entrepreneurs in the ﬁeld of structural and macroeconomic
policies.
Cooperation with international banking organizations - the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDU), the International
Finance Corporation (IFC) and the International Investment Guarantee Agency (IIA). The European

Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, and the World Trade
Organization play an important role in the implementation of Uzbekistan's foreign economic
strategy.
In conclusion, cooperation with countries of the world, international and regional organizations has
a decisive role in the integration of Uzbekistan into the world community, which strengthens the
internationalization of the national economy, and is considered the main external factor for raising
economic development to a higher level.
V. International currency and credit relations.
Currency relations also play a role in the global economy. Because there was no universal means
of payment, it was diﬃcult to conduct economic relations. This task is performed by Jahan Puli.
Economic relations related to the use of money in the world economy and serving various
international economic relations (foreign trade, labor and capital migration, income, credit and ﬂow
of subjects, exchange of science and technology, tourism, etc.) international currency-credit called
relations.
Currency is a country's monetary unit (for example: sum, dollar, pound sterling...). National and
foreign currency differences are taken into account in international economic relations. Each
national market will have its own national currency system.
The national currency system represents the form of organization of currency relations in a given
country, determined by national legislation.
The international currency system is a form of international currency relations that is legally
consolidated in interstate agreements. It will consist of the following components:
national currencies;
gold;
international currency units: SDR, euro.
the mechanism of determining currency numbers and keeping it;
procedure for equalization of international payments;
currency returnability;
international currency market and gold market system;
system of interstate institutions regulating currency relations.
Currently, currency relations between countries are based on the world currency. In this form of
money, mostly US dollars are accepted. A currency relationship occurs when the exchange rate of
national currencies is compared to each other and to the US dollar.
A ﬁxed exchange rate is required to maintain a single currency in the interstate ledger.
The exchange rate should be more or less stable. Therefore, a ﬂuctuating (oscillating) exchange
rate is acceptable in international relations. This is an exchange rate that changes only within a
certain limit, and it can be called standard.
All currencies are denominated in USD. Since it is the only means of payment, the exchange rate of
all currencies is expressed in dollars. Their exchange rate is also determined by dollars.
The global currency system went through 3 stages in its development.
The ﬁrst stage, covering the period 1879-1934, was dominated by the gold standard monetary
system.
From the end of World War II (1944) until 1971, the gold standard (known as the Bretton Woods
system) was dominant.
These two systems are based on recorded exchange rates.
The current currency system was established in 1971, and this system is called the managed
ﬂoating currency system. Because the state often intervenes in the currency market to change the
international value of its currencies.
Currently, currencies are divided into freely convertible, partially convertible, and non-convertible
currencies.
A freely convertible currency is a currency that can be freely and unlimitedly exchanged for any
other foreign currency at the prevailing exchange rate. This includes the US dollar, Canadian dollar,
euro in the countries of the European Community, Sweden, Switzerland, and Japan.
A partially convertible currency is a domestic currency but is convertible into some foreign
currency. And not for all types of international payment (instrument) transactions.
A non-convertible currency is a currency that temporarily serves only as a domestic payment and

cannot be converted into a foreign currency.
Currently, international or inter-country monetary units (euro) are increasingly widely used in
international calculations along with national currencies. They do not have the form of a banknote.
In banks, it is used for cashless payment by writing to account numbers.
Conclusion Summarizing
economic activity and its types, it can be said that human interests and their provision are at the
basis of all economic processes.
Human needs are diverse and he tries to satisfy them through different methods and means. The
set of means and methods of satisfying human needs, i.e. livelihood, is called economic activity. If
we look at economic activity in the way of activity that ensures human existence, we can divide its
development during the history of human society into two main types:
1) appropriating and 2) producing.
At the initial stage of human society, people lived by direct assimilation of everything in nature.
From a certain moment, humanity has turned from an assimilator of ready-made gifts in nature to
a producer due to objective necessity. Since then, his work has reached a new level in quality.
Labor has become an economic process. Now people have adapted nature's blessings to their
needs.
Economic activity is the basis of human life. It is very complex, includes various events and
processes. As long as human society lives, these processes continue continuously.
Economists theoretically divide economic activity into four phases: production, exchange,
distribution, consumption. The result of the economic activity of people is a social product, and its
movement passes through these four phases and repeats itself continuously.
Economic activity begins with production. From this process, factors of production are combined
and blessings are created that satisfy various needs of people.
List of used literature.
1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Foreign Economic Activity" (new edition) 2000 2. Law of
the Republic of Uzbekistan "on foreign investments". 1998 3. The Law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan "On Guarantees and Measures for the Protection of the Rights of Foreign Investors".
1998 4. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On guarantees of freedom of entrepreneurial activity".
2000 5. On amendments to some legal documents of the Republic of Uzbekistan in connection
with the reorganization of the Foreign Economic Relations Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan
into the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Investments and Trade 12.14.2005
Main literature
1 Nazarova GG and others. International economic relations of Uzbekistan. T.:TDIU, 2007. 2.
Shodiev RX "World economy". - T.: "Gafur Ghulam", 2005.- 215 p. 3. Alimov A., Hamedov I.
Basics of foreign economic activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan. T., 2004.
4. Vahabov A. et al. International ﬁnancial relations: Textbook. T.: Sharq, 2003.
5. Gozibekov DG'. Investment ﬁnancing issues. -
.::Finance", 2003.
Internet sites:
1. www.ziyonet.uz
2. www.arxiv.uz 3. www.aim.uz 4. http://fayllar.org

Download 59.28 Kb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: