Topic: types of shortening and their functional features in modern english

TOPIC: TYPES OF SHORTENING AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL FEATURES IN MODERN ENGLISH
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…...……………………………………………………….….2
Chapter.I Types of shortening and their functional features in modern english …………………………………………………………..….……....………….....4
1.1 Shortening of spoken words ………..……………………….….…………..4
1.2 Graphical abbreviations and acronyms……………………………..…......16
Chapter.II Abbreviations as the major type of shortenings……………....24
2.1. Secondary ways of shortening: sound interchange and sound imitating...24
2.2. Back formation as a source for shortening of words ……..……..……….26
CONCLUSION…………..……………………………………………………..33
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE......….…..……………………………...34

Introduction
The day before the signing of the historic Resolution No. PQ-4680 "On measures to radically improve the system of training and increase scientific capacity in the field of Oriental Studies" signed by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev one day before April 16, 2020 It is possible to take the event in a symbolic sense), ie on April 15, 2020 in the framework of the planned meetings at the Department of "Translation Studies" will be held master's degree in "Comparative Linguistics, Linguistic Translation" and "Simultaneous Translation" and "Translation Theory and Practice".
The work is composed onto three major parts: introduction, main part and conclusion. Each part has its subdivision onto the specific thematically items. There are two points in the introductory part: the first item tells about the general content of the work while the other gives us the general explanation of the lexicological phenomenon of shortening in a language. The main part bears the eight points in itself. The first point explains the shortening of spoken words in particular. The second item analyzes the phenomenon of graphical abbreviations and acronyms. In the third point we study abbreviations as the major way of shortening. In the fourth paragraph of the qualification work we deal with the secondary ways of shortening: sound interchange and sound imitation. The fifth paragraph takes into consideration the question of Blendening of words. The sixth item shows us the back formation examples. The last paragraph of the main part analyzes the homonymy influence onto the appearing of shortening.
Word-building processes involve not only qualitative but also quantitative changes. Thus, derivation and compounding represent addition, as affixes and free stems, respectively, are added to the underlying form. Shortening, on the other hand, may be represented as significant subtraction, in which part of the original word is taken away. The spoken and the written forms of the English language have each their own patterns of shortening, but as there is a constant exchange between both spheres, it is sometimes difficult to tell where a given shortening really originated.
The result of blending which is a compounding of clipped words is always a simple word. In most cases blends belong to the colloquial layer of words. There are, however, numerous blends in the terminological section of the vocabulary.
The process of back formation is of diachronic relevance only.
The function of sound-interchange and stress-inter change in Modern English is to distinguish between different words and word-forms. Sound-interchange is often accompanied by affixation.¹