Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
part of a ‘typical’ English novel, the author usually describes the setting of
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
part of a ‘typical’ English novel, the author usually describes the setting of the narrative, while a ‘typical’ German novel starts with an action. As Kin- dermann writes: Descriptions are not in the nature of Arabs – or, if I may say so, of ‘Semites’ in general – (which Old Testament scholars have convin- cingly illustrated by the Genesis legends), maybe because they are too lively and descriptions need calmness and tranquillity. Or, and this seems more probable, it is because they are only aware of themselves and cannot adopt other people’s perspectives or understand that some- body else does not know what they know. 17 16 Wenn alles sich herausstellt, wie ich wünsche, / werd’ ich nicht lang’ mehr mit dem General / zu schaffen haben. Freilich bildet er / sich ein und macht es förmlich zur Be- dingung, / daß ich, zum Dank für das geschenkte Mädchen, / ein volles halbes Jahr, sechs Monate, / nur ihm und keinem sonst gefällig bin. / Zum Schein mußt’ ich drauf eingehn, als er gestern / bei mir erschien und Phädria deswegen / nicht eingelassen wurde. Wenn jedoch / sich Pamphile als freies Bürgermädchen / erweist, so ist die Schenkung null und nichtig, / und ich bin frei – für meinen Phädria. (Thierfelder 1961) 17 Dem Araber – vielleicht darf ich auch allgemein “Semiten” sagen – liegt das Schildern “Semiten” sagen – liegt das Schildern Semiten” sagen – liegt das Schildern ” sagen – liegt das Schildern sagen – liegt das Schildern nicht (die Alttestamentler haben das an den Genesis-Sagen überzeugend gezeigt), vielleicht Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 38 (With regard to this attitude, cf. Schatzmann and Strauss 1955). Heusler com- ments on the Icelandic ‘Song of Rig’: The song ���� describes static situations, presents genre pictures, which is rather unusual for medieval poets. 18 In his contribution to the radio discussion, Süskind asked whether the transla- tor should, under certain circumstances, adapt such culture-specific features to the target-audience’s conventions (cf. Vermeer 1972: 89). There is at least one conclusion we can draw from these examples: if a translator emphasizes one aspect of the source text, he will have to suppress others. It is therefore not surprising that translation is often regarded as a ‘bungled job’ or that it requires sacrifice. Savory (1969: 50) compiled a list of twelve contradictory requirements for a “proper” translation, the first ten of which were initially mentioned by Jumpelt (1961: 19): 1. A translation must give the words of the original. 2. A translation must give the ideas of the original. 3. A translation should read like an original work. 4. A translation should read like a translation. 5. A translation should reflect the style of the original. 6. A translation should possess the style of the translator. 7. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. 8. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. 9. A translation may add to or omit from the original. 10. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. 11. A translation of verse should be in prose. 12. A translation of verse should be in verse. In theoretical analyses of translations, we frequently observe that terms and concepts are not defined adequately, and this makes the underlying theory ambiguous. Perhaps it is not the conviction that it is impossible for a translation to faith- fully map all aspects of a source text at once that makes us feel uneasy about this kind of comment or consideration. After all, what is ‘mapping’ supposed to mean? Maybe we should ask ourselves whether our uneasiness is rather due to the fact that commonly held views on translation are inadequate and that the concept is not properly defined. weil sie zu lebhaft sind: zum Schildern gehört Ruhe und Beschaulichkeit; oder – und das ist wahrscheinlicher – weil sie nur sich selbst sehen und sich nicht in das Denken eines anderen versetzen können und überhaupt nicht begreifen, daß andere das nicht kennen sollten, was sie kennen. (Kindermann 1964: xx-xxi) 18 Das Lied ���� schildert Zuständliches, gibt rührende Sittenbilder: für mittelalterliche Poeten etwas Außergewöhnliches. (Heusler, cited in Genzmer 1981: 96) |
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