Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Translation seen as a two-phase communication process
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.2 Translation seen as a two-phase communication process
In our current situation, we are basically confronted with two coexisting terminological definitions of translational action which are partly interlinked and sometimes confused. One definition regards translation as a two-phase communication process and the other ( 3.3.) views it as ‘information’ in language B about a source text presented in language A. The first definition is the more common one. Translation is defined as a two-phase communication process, in which a source-language text is received by a translator, transcoded into a target-language text and forwarded to the target-language recipient (note that the definition only mentions language). Due to the limitations of our knowledge, the process going on in the trans- lator’s mind, like in a ‘black box’, is not yet accessible. Therefore, the terms ‘two-phase process’ and ‘transcoding’ remain rather vague. This two-phase process has sometimes been described as relatively com- plex (as in Vermeer �1978��1983: 100-01). But this does not change the basic assumption of a two-phase or double communication process, which simplifies the phenomenon of translational action beyond recognition. The model can be represented as follows: It has already been pointed out (e.g. in Vermeer �1979��1983: 70-75) that, with regard to the source text, a distinction has to be made between what is encoded in the text, what the producer(s) or sender(s) intended to say, and what the recipient (here: the translator) understands. The basic model is not affected by these considerations, to which we shall return below. Let us first explain our interpretation of the model. The translation process has been explicitly characterized as consisting of two phases since the law scholar Karl Salomo Zachariae (1805) pointed out that it implies understanding and passing on this understanding. The apparently natural conclusion to be drawn from this statement is that: according to its internal structure, translating is, in any case, a process consisting of two phases: understanding a text in a foreign language, on the one hand, and reproducing its sense in the target language, on the other. 19 19 Übersetzen ist also in jedem Falle seiner inneren Struktur nach ein zweistufiger Vorgang: einmal Verstehen eines fremdsprachlichen Textes und zum anderen sinngetreue Wiedergabe desselben in der Zielsprache. (K. Schmidt 1969: 53, cited in Spitzbardt 1972: 15). Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 40 For similar views, which were quite common before the 19th century, cf. Kelly 1979: 35, among others. The two-phase model was particularly popular among scholars of the ‘Leipzig school’, i.e. a group of theoretical and applied linguistics from the University of Leipzig in former East Germany. At that time, Wotjak regarded translating as merely “transcoding” a text, “making use of, and preserving, the equivalence relations existing between elements below sentence level”, 20 whereas Neubert defined translation as “the transformation of a source- language text into an equivalent target-language text”. 21 Georgi considered translation to be “the human activity which enables partners who do not share a common language to exchange information in indirect communication”. 22 By “exchange of information”, Georgi was referring to roughly the same phenomenon as Neubert. Scholars who subscribe to the two-phase model thus take the view that, in the translation process, a source text is received by the translator, who then re-encodes the received sense in the target-language code and conveys it to the target audience. It is obvious that, in such a model, non-linguistic phenomena, such as cultural values, are easily overlooked. Transmitting a message by merely transcoding it – an exclusively formal procedure – does not leave any room for non-linguistic aspects. Occasionally, some variants are introduced into the theory, which, how- ever, do not alter the basic model. Some authors, for example, make an a priori distinction between translating scientific or literary texts, pretending that the two are essentially different and incomparable. However, contrary to the authors’ intention and to the terminology they use, the only result of such distinctions is that they rule out a general theory of translation. Other distinc- tions have been made according to genre or text function but, in any form of the two-phase model, the translator is viewed as a ‘language mediator’, a mere relay station or interface. Kloepfer is one of those scholars who want to separate literary translation from the translation of scientific and technical texts. According to him, �t��he aim of scientific translation is the semantically identical repro- duction of one functional or conceptual system by means of another, equivalent, system. 23 20 Umkodierung ���� unter Ausnutzung und Wahrung der zwischen kleineren Einheiten als den Sätzen bestehenden Äquivalenzbeziehungen. (Wotjak 1969: 258) 21 Umsetzung eines Textes der Ausgangssprache (AS) in einen äquivalenten Text der Ziel- sprache (ZS). (Neubert �1967��1970, cited in Spitzbardt 1972: 15) 22 ���� die menschliche Tätigkeit, durch die in der indirekten Kommunikation ein Austausch von Nachrichten zwischen Partnern bewirkt wird, die nicht über die gleiche Sprache ver- fügen. (Georgi 1972: 33) 23 Ziel der wissenschaftlichen Übersetzung ist die inhaltlich identische Reproduktion eines Funktionsgefüges (Begriffsgefüges) mit den Mitteln eines anderen, äquivalenten. (Kloepfer 1967: 9) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 41 In contrast, a literary translation would be characterized by what Paul Valéry (1928) claimed for literature in general: The form of expression possible for the proposed sense is precisely the form in which it was conceived. 24 This would mean that authors like Kloepfer could claim, contrary to histori- cal evidence, that literary translation is virtually impossible. It seems rather inconsistent, however, for, in spite of all their rigorous distinctions, the same authors actually do recognize some basic features shared by the two types, as is illustrated, for example, by the use of the term ‘translating’ for both activities. A very clear formulation of the two-phase transcoding model is provided by Levý (�1963��2011: 23): Translation is communication. More precisely, translators decode the message contained in the text of the original author and reformulate (encode) it in their own language. This is probably what Koller (1972: 11) means when he defines translation as an act of communication between speakers with different mother tongues. This is a vague way of putting it; Koller is obviously referring to speakers who do not share a common language (code) (cf. Georgi 1972: 33, as quoted above). Two speakers with different mother tongues could easily communi- cate without translation in one of the two or a third language, assuming they are masters in it. And the use of a foreign language does not always imply translating or interpreting, “nothing more than lightning translation practiced with great virtuosity and arrived at after long practice” (Kaluza 1902, cited in Fleming 1965: 48). Wilss (�1977��1982: 17) defines translation as “the establishment of com- munication between people belonging to different speech communities”. This is also imprecise. Moreover, only very few scholars subscribing to the two-phase model take non-verbal forms of communication into account. Between communicating persons who do not share a common linguistic code, non-verbal interaction may render translation superfluous, at least in certain situations, or compensate for any deficiencies in verbal interaction. For Stackelberg (1978: 8), the relationship between the original and target text is crucial for translation quality assessment; he considers fidel- ity, adequacy – or equivalence – to be a requirement which can be taken for granted today. It is not clear whether Stackelberg regards the three terms 24 Le sens qui se propose trouve pour seule issue, pour seule forme, la forme même de laquelle il procédait. (Valéry 1928, cited in Kloepfer 1967: 9, note 10). (Valéry 1928, cited in Kloepfer 1967: 9, note 10). Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 42 (fidelity, adequacy, equivalence) as synonyms or as alternative criteria (for a critical evaluation of Stackelberg’s theoretical statements cf. Paepcke 1981, Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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