Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Translational action as an ‘offer of information’
54 To summarize what we have discussed so far, we would like to emphasize that a text IS not a text but is received and interpreted, for example by a translator, as a particular kind of text and passed on in specific ways. In other words: it is impossible to understand translation as a process by which the (or a) meaning (cf. Vermeer 1972: 61-71) of a text is simply transcoded. Translational action presupposes the comprehension, i.e. the interpretation of the “text” as object in a situation. Translational action, therefore, is not only linked to meaning but to sense (= what somebody means to say) (cf. Vermeer 1972: 221), or rather to sense-in-situation. Example 3: Cicero’s speech Pro Sexto Roscio is translated into English. Cicero gave this speech as the final statement for the defence in a law court. Afterwards (!) he dictated it, obviously revising parts of the text, perhaps in light of the impression it made on the audience and their reactions. In this process, we will have to distinguish between Cicero- in-court (P 1 ) and Cicero dictating at a later moment (P 2 ). Due to having evaluated the effect of his statement, P 2 ’s knowledge is different from that of P 1 . The situations in which P 1 and P 2 are trying to communicate are different. P 2 imagines and addresses an audience which is (partially) different from that of P 1 . Therefore, Cicero is represented as two dif- ferent text producers and, in his role as P 2 , we shall classify him as one of the recipients of the speech he delivered orally in court (S-R 1 ) in order to illustrate the continuity of the process: The audience of the written version of the speech may include other recipients than the listeners in court, e.g. certain readers today. But even the readers who were also listeners present in the court have different background knowledge because they are familiar with the impact the speech had on the audience, etc. For this reason, the model will also include two types of recipients: the audi- ence in court (R 1 ) and the readers of the published version (R 2 ). In court, Cicero wanted to pursue a particular intention, achieve a particular purpose. His speech was intended to have a number of functions, e.g. (1) to inform the court that the accused was not guilty (‘informative’ function according to Reiß 1976a); (2) to persuade the court to acquit the accused (‘operative’ function ac- cording to Reiß 1976a); (3) to portray Cicero as a good lawyer and orator (‘expressive’ function according to Reiß 1976a, combined with operative elements because Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 55 the self-portrayal was also intended to enhance his own image). The expressive function was implicit in the speech, marked by formal and stylistic devices (‘parafunction’). For a parallel description of the three functions, functions 2 and 3 may be restated as follows: (2’) to inform the court that they should recognize and take note of the fact that Cicero wishes the accused to be acquitted; (3’) to inform the audience that they should take note of the fact that Cicero wishes to portray and portrays himself as a good lawyer and orator. Cf. similar restatement operations in speech act theory. Some speech act scholars can derive a sentence like I am going to the cinema with you tomor row, an utterance implying a promise, from a ‘deep structure’ like I promise: Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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