Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Each reception process is limited to some of all the possible ways a
text may be understood and interpreted, while others are ignored or associated with different values. This is not a matter of understanding ‘more’ or ‘less’ (let us leave the question of incompetence aside for the time being) but of understanding something ‘different’. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 57 This applies a fortiori to a translational action: it does not achieve less (as long as the translator is competent), rather, something different. This has a major impact on the translation of our example, as we have shown before (Vermeer �1979��1983: 82-84): One can attempt to show how Cicero, in his particular ‘world’ circum- stances, sought and achieved an acquittal, or one can show the impact Cicero’s action had on the society of his ‘world’. In the first case, we may distinguish between two subdecisions: to show how Cicero acted as a lawyer, and which juridical strategies he employed, or to show how Cicero acted as a rhetorician (in the context of a lawsuit). In this example, the cultural and linguistic differences between Cicero’s Rome and its Latin, on the one hand, and the modern German language and its ‘world’, on the other, make these functions incompat- ible. This is because the metafunctional decisions require diverging and often incompatible translation strategies. In the first case, the formal structure of the speech should be reproduced ����, in the second, its effect should be transferred from the original situation to a new en- vironment to allow modern recipients to applaud, just like Cicero’s contemporaries, and cry: “Brilliant! Roscius must be acquitted!” (Do not try both strategies at once – the result would be another largely indigestible translation of a Latin classic, which are readily available in today’s bookstores. ����) If the translation intends to reproduce the formal structure of the speech, there are some subdecisions which again must be taken, i.e. a reproduction of the juridical structure or rhetorical structure and, for the latter, it may be ut nunc (as it would be today) or ut tunc (as it was then). The consequences of such decisions may be illustrated by some statistics. Modern German prefers an average of 13-16 words per sentence (Eggers 1973:33 ����), whereas Cicero uses approximately 30 words per sentence. Traditional translators, to whom nothing is more sacrosanct than the full stop, have used up to 39 words per sentence in the German text! This is an approach which would not do justice to the Latin – let alone the modern German. 31 31 Entweder ist zu zeigen, wie Cicero unter den Umständen seiner “Welt” den Freispruch “Welt” den Freispruch Welt” den Freispruch ” den Freispruch den Freispruch anstrebte und erreichte, oder es ist zu zeigen, wie sich Ciceros Unterfangen auf die Ge- sellschaft seiner “Welt” auswirkte. Im ersteren Falle gibt es zwei Subentscheidungen: zu “Welt” auswirkte. Im ersteren Falle gibt es zwei Subentscheidungen: zu Welt” auswirkte. Im ersteren Falle gibt es zwei Subentscheidungen: zu ” auswirkte. Im ersteren Falle gibt es zwei Subentscheidungen: zu auswirkte. Im ersteren Falle gibt es zwei Subentscheidungen: zu zeigen, wie sich der Jurist Cicero verhielt, welcher juristischen Mittel er sich bediente –, oder zu zeigen, wie sich der Rhetor Cicero (in einem juristischen Falle) verhielt. Im genannten Beispiel lassen sich die Funktionen wegen der kulturellen und sprachli- chen Differenz zwischen dem damaligen Rom und seinem Latein und dem heutigen Deutsch und seiner Welt nicht vereinen. Die metafunktionalen Entscheidungen bedingen nämlich grundlegend verschiedene und oft inkommensurable Strategien für den Translator: Das eine Mal ist die formale Redestruktur abzubilden ����, das andere Mal die Wirkung aus den |
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