Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
In search of a consistent theory: five examples
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.4 In search of a consistent theory: five examples
According to Neubert, House and Diller and Kornelius, the theory of transla- tion as a two-phase process of transcoding a source into a target text cannot account for all possible instances of translation, i.e. it cannot provide a theoret- ical explanation or an empirical description. Moreover, as we have noted above, it is unsatisfactory to work with two basic approaches: one approach that views translation as a two-phase process of communication (involving both a transcoding process and a cultural transfer) and another that regards translation as information. In the three publications discussed above, both basic approaches are pre- sented alongside one another. We shall now go on to attempt to formulate a consistent theory which can account for all instances of translational action (ZS) und zwar so, daß die Bedeutung des Originals auch in der Übersetzung erhalten bleibt. (Diller and Kornelius 1978: 8, following Albrecht 1973: 16; emphasis by the author) 29 �Beim�� Reverbalisierungsprozeß steht der Übersetzer vor einer Grundsatz- und viel- fältigen Einzelentscheidungen. Die Grundsatzentscheidung besteht darin, daß er für den Gesamttext seine Übersetzungsstrategie festlegt ����. Es geht darum, (a) ob er sein gesamtes Textverständnis in die Übersetzung einbringen will oder ob er sein Textverständnis für seine potentiellen Leser in irgendeiner Weise “manipulieren” (im ganz neutralen Sinn) soll – bis “manipulieren” (im ganz neutralen Sinn) soll – bis manipulieren” (im ganz neutralen Sinn) soll – bis ” (im ganz neutralen Sinn) soll – bis (im ganz neutralen Sinn) soll – bis hin zur Anfertigung von sog. Bearbeitungen des AS-Textes; (b) ob er eine “primäre” oder “primäre” oder primäre” oder ” oder oder eine “sekundäre” Übersetzung ���� anfertigen will, d.h. ob er unmittelbar Kommunikation “sekundäre” Übersetzung ���� anfertigen will, d.h. ob er unmittelbar Kommunikation sekundäre” Übersetzung ���� anfertigen will, d.h. ob er unmittelbar Kommunikation ” Übersetzung ���� anfertigen will, d.h. ob er unmittelbar Kommunikation Übersetzung ���� anfertigen will, d.h. ob er unmittelbar Kommunikation zwischen AS-Autor und ZS-Leser herstellen will (primäre Ü.) oder ob er dem ZS-Leser den Kommunikationsvorgang zwischen AS-Autor und ZS-Leser mitteilen will. Dies ist eine Grundsatzentscheidung, die weite Teile des Vorwissens und die gesamte historische und sozio-kulturelle Einbettung des AS-Textes beim Übersetzen in Mitleidenschaft zieht. (Reiß 1980a: 36-37) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 51 in a satisfactory manner. In order to avoid a flood of defining characteristics, a consistent theory must be arrived at before it can be applied to genres or individual functions. Let us begin by discussing a few examples. Example 1: Messrs Clarke and Co., Liverpool, write a business letter to the German company A. Schneider und Söhne, Solingen, in English. Somewhere along the line between Clarke and Schneider (or at the premises of one or the other), a translator converts it into a German business letter. In this case, the translator appears to act as a ‘language mediator’, and the process could be described as an instance of two-phase transcoding communication (see graph 2 ) Graph 2 looks very similar to graph 1 ( 3.2.), taking into account the above com- ments. In Example 1, all other details are ignored. For example, the addressee of the source text is Schneider und Söhne, the linguistic and cultural implications of which are not taken into consideration by P; the actual recipient of the text is the translator, again a fact P is not aware of. The business interaction described in this example could be seen as an instance of refracted communication; however, it is quite likely that there is more than merely linguistic mediation involved. It is the translator’s responsibility to rewrite the letter, which was written in line with the culture-specific requirements of British business cor- respondence, in such a way that it is acceptable and comprehensible in line with the culture-specific requirements for German business correspondence. When American business letters are translated from English into German, for example, translators often add polite phrases (which they remove when translating from German into English for an American addressee). For details cf. P. A. Schmitt (1986). Culture-specific features are by no means limited to set phrases: manuals for the maintenance of US weapon systems often specify the type or brand of lubricant required. When translating such manuals, the translators of the German Federal Language Agency replace American lubricant types with equivalent brands which are more readily available in Germany (reported orally). Even with user manuals, simple transcoding is actually not as typical as Neubert claims ( 3.3.1.). The case of advertising brochures used by companies for the promotion of their products is slightly more complicated. If a brochure is translated within |
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