Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
63 (1) Insofar as instruction linguistics is seen to be no more than a theory of semantic properties (S. J. Schmidt 1976: XIV), new terminology seems unneces- sary in Lüllwitz’s (1972: 263, note 28) terms. Perhaps this is a misunderstanding and, in that case, the following objections would be superfluous. (2) As mentioned before, reality is not per se the same for all individuals. If this is held to be true, then it cannot be categorically stated that a producer’s utterance can meet the recipient’s model of reality, or even meet it in a spe- cific way (Hindelang 1983: 11 and 15). Initially, the utterance of a producer refers only to his own situation, including, among other things, the producer’s expectations concerning the recipient’s situation, and not the situation as such. Only the interaction itself can tell us whether or not, and to what extent, the two models of reality are sufficiently equivalent so that any differences are not worth a protest (cf. Vermeer �1978��1983: 55-56), i.e. whether and to what extent an interaction is successful (cf. Löffler 1976; 6.). This is a very important factor for a theory of translation because it helps us identify some conditions for a successful translation ( 3.8.): Translation does not make sense unless common ground can be assumed; translation cannot be successful unless common ground is found. As the ‘worlds’ of producers and recipients have to be kept separate in a model of communication, the producer cannot give the recipient an ‘instruction’, but only try to meet him in his reality, i.e. ‘offer’ him a chance to become involved with the producer. According to S. J. Schmidt, a recipient understands a text only ‘when he observes the decision made by the speaker �in the act of text production (Grimm)�� and is able to draw conclusions as to what the speaker may have intended to commu- nicate or bring about’. But this is precisely what the average recipient does not do. He may react according to the producer’s intention, but he will not analyse the text to find out what the intention is. 32 Cf. the discussion on the concept of vagueness in linguistics, e.g. Müller (1980: 77-79) and, in the same context, the discussion of communicative interaction in Vermeer (1972: 79-88, particularly p. 80). The translator must also attempt to understand. This objection to instruction linguistics is also supported by findings in psychiatry: 32 ���� versteht ein rezipient erst dann einen text, “wenn er die Entscheidung des Sprechers “wenn er die Entscheidung des Sprechers wenn er die Entscheidung des Sprechers �bei der textproduktion (Grimm)�� realisiert und von dorther auf dessen Mitteilungs- und Wirkungsabsichten rückschliessen kann”. Doch genau das tut der durchschnittliche rezipient ”. Doch genau das tut der durchschnittliche rezipient Doch genau das tut der durchschnittliche rezipient nicht: zwar mag er im sinne der intention des kommunikators reagieren, aber er befragt den text nicht darauf hin. (cf. Gast 1975: 117, cited in Grimm 1977: 295, note 232). cited in Grimm 1977: 295, note 232). Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 64 I cannot claim to understand you because I cannot pretend to be able to put myself in your shoes. You remain yourself, a stranger to me. This is how I express my respect for you. But I can relate to your ���� experiences within myself, I can recognize them, not with regard to quantity but to quality. I can share your experiences. ���� We have something in common. 33 (3) Consequently, a sender (speaker, author) cannot demand a particular form of understanding from the recipient and can only suggest one possibility among many, one that can prove meaningful from a recipient’s point of view in his particular situation (cf. Bülow 1979: 155-56, referring to Kant’s concept of “maturity”). As Iser puts it: This is tantamount to saying that these acts, though set in motion by the text, defy total control by the text itself, and, indeed, it is the very lack of control that forms the basis of the creative side of reading. (Iser �1976��1980:108; trans. by the author) A text may be directed at addressee R and yet be overheard by chance recipient C, who may even be the producer’s real addressee (e.g. the audience watching a televised parliamentary debate). Instruction linguistics would only work in this case if a textual instruction could be addressed to both audiences in the same manner. But this would conflict with the condition that texts are defined by their situations. Moreover, each recipient reacts differently to the same text. ( 2.3. and 2.5.) (4) If there are different ways of understanding the same text, then different actions may follow from it. For example: for the utterance Please, close the door! to be considered sufficiently and reasonably (!) successful, it should be responded to by one of the following possible reactions, e.g. closing the door, promising to close the door as soon as possible by saying in a minute!, passing the request on to a third person, ignoring the request and showing that one is not willing to close the door, answering Then it’s going to be too Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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