Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
translator/interpreter need not be consciously aware of the recipients
and their situation, he may not be able to name them individually – but they are there. 38 �Solche�� Einweg-Kommunikation ���� �kann�� mit nur minimaler Verfremdung beliebigen und beliebig vielen Rezipienten vorgelegt werden, in beliebig festlegbaren Situationen; ���� es können die anderen Variablen, nämlich die Rezipienten und die Rezeptionssituationen, beliebig gewählt ���� werden. (Glinz 1973: 17) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 77 For example: T. S. Eliot’s novel The Waste Land is ‘intuitively’ trans- lated for an educated audience (an analogy of the translator); an article on a specific topic in chemistry is not translated for the illiterate, etc. The important thing is not the situation itself but the expected situation, as is illustrated by the following example mentioned by Grimm: Heinrich Böll’s satirical short story Berichte zur Gesinnungslage der Na tion (‘Reports on the state of the Nation’s thoughts’, published in 1975) is a good example of the importance which the expectations regarding the author have on the impact of a work. Despite the topical nature of the subject, this insipid text would not have been successful if it had not been written by a Nobel Prize winner whose name promised publicity. 39 A complete theory of translational action would have to (be able to) include rules as to how (expectations about) target situations should be analysed in order to come to a conclusion about the conditions for possible translational actions. The same applies to how the translational action is carried out: translators/in- terpreters translate/interpret with regard to form and function in the manner the target culture expects the information to be offered (again, more specifically, in the manner the translator expects the target culture to expect the information to be offered), e.g. as literally as possible, producing a text which is appropriate for the intended audience (in modern German-speaking cultures, Cervantes’ Don Quixote is read more by children than by adults), with an efficient use of language (the endless repetitions of Buddha’s teachings are deleted; cf. Nida 1977: 225 on Hebrew parallelisms), using a conventional style (in Ger- man translations of American business letters, polite phrases are added), etc. These translation strategies could not be justified by a theory of translation as an instruction in a two-phase transcoding process; in such a theory, the only translation method which could be permitted would be ‘faithful to the source text’ (whatever that may mean). If translation is regarded as an extension of communication, any changes (or lack of changes) to the source text could only be justified by a feeble prag- matic excuse such as ‘this is how it is usually done’, which is no justification at all. For a theory of translation, however, such an attitude is inadmissible. In extended communication, a change of function is not allowed: just imagine 39 Inwieweit die Autorerwartung �gemeint ist: Erwartung über den Autor�� beim Erfolg eines Werkes eine Rolle spielt, läßt sich etwa an der Satire Heinrich Bölls Berichte zur Gesinnungslage der Nation aufzeigen. Trotz der Aktualität des Themas hätte dieser schale Text wohl kaum Erfolg gehabt, wäre nicht der publicity-trächtige Nobelpreisträger Böll sein Verfasser gewesen. (Grimm 1977: 305, note 267) Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 78 Defoe writing a sociocritical novel, and the printer (as a mediator of extended communication) turning it into a children’s book, or, you dictate a business letter to your secretary and she turns it into a lyrical love letter. The above considerations also clarify the translator’s role in the process of translational action: he is the one who ultimately decides what is translated or interpreted, when and how, on the basis of his knowledge of the source and target cultures and languages. (Thus, it is also the translator’s decision whether he accepts or rejects a particular translation commission ( 2.4.1.) because he is more than just a ‘language mediator’.) The most important criterion for any translational decision is the function of the translatum as an offer of information in the target culture (which has to be justified) (Vermeer �1978��1983: 48-61; 4.). So far, most theoretical approaches have classified translation more or less clearly as a two-phase process of communication; only a few show a tendency towards classifying it as an information offer. Seen from the perspective of the source-text producer or a commissioner, or any other observer, transla- tion is a link in a chain of actions which could not be carried out otherwise (cf. Harras 1978: 69-73). We would like to stress, however, that it is not the source-text producer or any other participant who is responsible for extending the communicative interaction in translation, it is the translator who does so independently of the others: he has to take the initiative, or re-activate it, i.e. he decides whether something is translated/interpreted and how to proceed. The decision depends on his analysis of the situation regarding whether a translation can be successful, an assessment he can make based on his knowledge of both the source and the target situation and on his bi-cultural competence. (The fact that others may have the same knowledge does not affect our theory.) It is a methodological question regarding where exactly the process of translational action begins, and, if we assume that it begins before any translating occurs, i.e. with the primary information offer IO S , this will lead to logical difficulties. (Not every IO S is actually translated/interpreted.) Moreover, we would like to emphasize how important the role of the translator is, as it is often underesti- mated (cf. Kelly 1979) – even among translators themselves. If translational action is regarded as an IO T about an IO S , translation strat- egies must then be guided, depending on the purpose of the information, by the rules which allow the expectation that the information will be successful. For example: a specialized text for experts is supposed to offer clear, objective information, but presupposes good technical knowledge of the topic; children expect language forms adequate for children; busi- ness letters are factual and polite (politeness being culture-specific); the translation of a German campaign speech into English aims to inform about the persuasive strategies commonly used in Germany and not to campaign according to the rules of the target culture, etc. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 79 Rules for passing on information are specific to cultures, languages and functions; people in the Middle Ages, for example, had a different concept of translation from the one we have today. The rules for passing on information on information are, in part, different from those guiding direct information (cf. above with reference to the election campaign speech). All this lies beyond our specific interests here. Our point was to present and explain the process of translational action as an offer of information. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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