Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Types of ‘information offers’ about texts
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.7 Types of ‘information offers’ about texts
There are different types of information offers about other information offers. For our purposes, they can be classified in two overlapping groups: ‘comment- aries’ and ‘translations’ (again, terminology is not our concern here). (1) ‘Commentaries’ are all those IOs which are explicitly marked as an information offer about another information offer, e.g. by genre-typical explanatory formulas such as The author claims that � or This may be commented on as fol lows … This means that, in a commentary, we can find a combination of metacommunication and referential communication (the examples are metacommunicative Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 72 because they ‘communicate’ about the referential communication). (2) In contrast to a commentary, a ‘translational action’ is by definition interlingual and intercultural. A translation is not explicitly marked as a translation in the text itself. (Implicit markers can be seen in borrowings from the source text, cf. Toury 1980a, although a heterocultural origin is not obligatory.) A translation, therefore, is not made recognizable as an IO T about an IO S by explicit markers. To be more precise, its second- ary character cannot be inferred from the text itself but only from the background knowledge we have about the text, e.g. if we know that a given text is a translatum or if we find something like Translation … or Translated by … on the title page or in the paratext. This kind of supplement is a ‘commentary’ on the text, not part of the text itself. In spite of being an IO T , a translatum ‘simulates’ the form and func tion of an IO S . As its specific character is not visible at first sight, it is understandable that some scholars have considered translation to be a two-phase transcoding process. By inverting the formula for translation proposed in 3.6., we can say that: A text t in language and culture T can be described as a translatum of a text s in language and culture S (if T ≠ S) if, and insofar as, it can be proved to be an information offer in T which simulates the corresponding information offer in S. (For functional variables in the relationship between the two texts, see Toury 1980a: 6869, but without the theoretical framework presented there.) This statement has two consequences: (1) The specification ‘insofar as’ and the statement ‘can be proved to be’ are intended to exclude parodies and pseudo-translations (Toury 1980a: 45) from the concept of translation. (Cf. the works of Robert Neumann, 1897-1975, who has been called the founder of literary parody as a critical genre, and the ‘translations’ of Ossian by James McPherson, Toury 1980a: 48, note 4.) (2) Parodies and similar text transformations are examples of ‘translation’ in the sense that they presuppose (imaginary) text versions whose structural elements are ‘translated’ like those of a source text. Parodies also provide an offer of information which simulates (imaginary) text structures. (This is why we did not use the static expression that some- thing is a translation but that it can be proved to be a translation.) According to Lüdtke, texts from an earlier stage of a language are “not verbal communication themselves but symptoms of certain characteristics of verbal Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 73 communication”. 34 Lüdtke was referring to analyses of changes in language, but his statement can be applied to translation as well because there is usually a time lag between the production of a source text and its translation (we can even observe a minimal time lag in simultaneous interpreting). In this sense, the statement quoted above simply means that a translation must be regarded not as (an extension of) a communicative interaction itself but as a symptom of a past communicative interaction, about which it informs in another code. As the Spanish writer Pío Baroja says: “In one period of time, everything is events; in another, everything is considered to be a commentary on past events”. 35 The fact that translations, e.g. in a bilingual edition of a text, can be of assistance to a language learner (as is reported with regard to Heinrich Schlie- mann, the famous German archaeological discoverer of ancient Troy) can be explained by using our theory: in this case, the translation offers information about the structures of the foreign language (in a word-for-word rendering) or about structural differences between the source and target languages. Or, we could say that the translation has been attributed another function, as it is no longer read as a translation in the sense of our definition but as a different kind of text – just as a grammar book may not be read as an information offer about language structures but for the purpose of enjoying the elegant style of the author. That would at least be a possibility. The mere imitation of the sounds of a source text by signs in a target language would not be sufficient to meet the demand of offering information about a piece of information. This could not be called a translation, as it is another kind of transfer. For example (from Toury 1980a: 43-44): Wordsworth: My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky � / The Viennese experimental poet Ernst Jandl: mai hart lieb sapfen eibe hold er renn bohr in sees kai. (If this nonsense verse is read with German pronunciation, it sounds very much like the English source text.) This may be a ‘text’ of some kind but, unlike Toury (1980a: 45), we would not classify it as a translatum (in the sense of our definition). It may be stating the obvious that by offering information T based on a given information S, each translatum necessarily contains certain elements of the source text (e.g. ‘meanings’). It is in this sense that we should understand Toury’s (1980a: 74-75) claim that each translatum shows evidence of an inter- language between S and T ( 3.9.2.). And not only of interlanguage – because translation always involves a cultural transfer. (With regard to interlanguage, 34 ���� nicht selbst sprachliche Kommunikation, sondern Symptome für Gegebenheiten sprachlicher Kommunikation. (Lüdtke 1980: 184) 35 En una época, todos son acontecimientos; en otra, todos son comentarios a los hechos pasados. (Baroja 1946, Book 3.1: 122) (Baroja 1946, Book 3.1: 122) Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 74 see Selinker 1972, and the literature on foreign-language teaching and learning based on his seminal work. Incidentally, the transfer from S to T mentioned above need not necessarily be transcultural as S may already have offered information about the target culture.) Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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