Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Translational action as an ‘offer of information’
66 inter action) must be drawn more sharply than instruction linguistics would allow. Reacting is no longer part of ‘sending’, while understanding is still part of the message because the message would not be a message for the recipient unless it were understood. However, reacting belongs to the same interaction as sending (cf. Vermeer 1972: 134-37, Vermeer �1978��1983: 101). Contrary to general opinion, reacting is irrelevant for the text itself (although not for the interaction). For this reason, we hesitate to regard translation as a case of “productive re- ception” (Grimm 1977: 147-48, who mentions Haubrichs 1974: 107, note 30). ‘Receptive production’ would be a more appropriate description of translation ( 3.7.). We are concerned here with clear methodological (!) distinctions. In practice, the reception of a source text will already be influenced by reflections on the intended translation: reading the source text, the translator may already look for difficult passages or jot down ad hoc translations. However, the methodological distinction we are calling for is not gener- ally recognized. Gadamer (�1960��2004: 329-30), for example, claims that, in an ideal case, an interpreter has to obey a command in order to understand it (this would mean that a kamikaze command is not understood until it is too late). Betti (�1955��1967) argues along the same lines. In contrast, at least some currents of literary studies distinguish between reception and effect (Jauß 1973, particularly p. 33; Jauß 1975, particularly p. 333 and 338), as divided by Lämmert (1973: 165-66) into text potential and audience disposition (Grimm 1977: 23). For a distinction between the immediate effect intended and actually achieved and long-term influence, cf. Grimm (1977: 24-27). A further distinction between expectation, understanding and effect (the latter two being determined by the first) would appear necessary. (8) Contrary to a producer-oriented instruction theory, an ‘information of- fer’ theory which is both producer- and recipient-oriented can tell us if, when and how certain texts are actually communicated. In an instruction setting, with its asymmetrical relation between the partners, the producer decides when and how he wants to give an instruction, whereas an information offer is decided (‘negotiated’) by both partners because the producer must have some expectations about the recipient’s information requirements ( 3.8.). Note that an instruction also takes the recipient into consideration, but not as an equal partner (who is an essential part of the interaction). (9) There may already be a gap between what somebody wants to convey and what is actually stated (‘encoded’) in the utterance (e.g. the speaker does not find the right words). The recipient can only reconstruct the intended meaning of an utterance based on the utterance as offered. (10) To sum up, a text merely “offers ‘schematized aspects’” (Iser �1976��1980: 21, referring to Ingarden 1973: 267-69), allowing the recipient to interpret the Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 67 signs transmitted by the producer in various ways and, depending on the situ- ation, to select one interpretation which applies to his own situation (Grimm 1977: 44-46). (11) Naturally, S. J. Schmidt (1976) is aware of all this. Therefore, it is termin- ologically more appropriate to replace the ambiguous term ‘instruction’ by the less normative term ‘information offer’. A text is not normative as such. It is offered in line with the prevailing norms of behaviour. We cannot say that a text is an instruction, only that it may be interpreted as an instruction on the basis of culture-specific norms (i.e. through the selection of one possible offer among others). (12) The term ‘instruction’, in the sense of a request for action, can be mis- understood in yet another way. Let us assume that The number of unemployed people rose to 1.3 million in January is a text. It is pointless to regard this utterance as an ‘instruction to understand the text’ because each text is uttered to be understood or, more precisely, to be understood in a particular way (think of Dadaistic poetry). Taken literally, ‘instruction’ with regard to this text would mean that it should be understood as a request to take measures to reduce the unemployment rate – particularly if an adequate reaction to such a text is assumed to be part of the interaction. Classifying a text as an ‘instruc- tion’, therefore, assigns a primarily operative function (in the terminology of Reiß 1976a) to it. The emphasis given to the ‘informative’ function is easier to justify ( 3.4., Example 3). In a given situation, our example could be un- derstood to be an instruction, just as There is a draught! could be interpreted as a request to close the window. An information offer would be a request to reflect on what could be done to reduce unemployment, whereas an instruction or command would require absolute obedience or risk facing sanctions. (13) Another example of this: B (standing at the window and looking out): “It’s raining”. C: “Oh, the garden chairs are still outside!” B: “My goodness, I forgot!” The course of this dialogue shows that B did not have a particular instruction (in the sense of There is a draught!) in mind, perhaps not even an instruction at all. Probably B assumed that C knew that it was raining, he may have car- ried out “phatic” communication (Malinowski 1923), just saying something to break the silence, for example. Nevertheless, B offered some important infor- mation, as can be inferred from C’s reaction (cf. Harras 1978: 47-49 against Wunderlich’s classification of “spontaneous” speech acts). That the utterance could be understood as a request to do something about the garden chairs is due to C’s reaction, not to B’s intention. The ‘information’ was offered on two levels: on a meta-level, B ‘informs’ C about his present state of mind and his Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 68 appreciation of the situation (I should say something � ); the ‘information’ on a referential level (The garden chairs should be brought in), which C interpreted from the text, was not intended by B. B’s utterance was meant to be phatic, but was interpreted as ‘informative’ by C. (Cf. Kelly 1979: 11) (14) There is still another objection to instruction linguistics which is important for a theory of translation. Instruction linguistics claims that a text is a set of instructions indicating that the text should be understood in a particular way and reacted to in a particular way. This would leave no room for vagueness here, i.e. for translational variants. There are two types of variants: (1) Every practitioner knows that, apart from reception variants (cf. Ver- meer �1979��1983: 62-88) and the general priority of the skopos ( 4.), most text elements (and, more generally, texts) can be translated in a variety of ways, and it is often impossible to (objectively) de- cide which variant should be given priority (for the same translation function) (what is the difference in meaning between although and though?). Instruction linguistics would, at least methodologically, require choosing the optimum translation variant which conveys the instruction. In fact, however, a translational action is not a biunique reversible process (cf. Wilss �1977��1982: 107). (2) Instruction linguistics can only conceive translation as a two-phase process of communication in which an instruction intended by the source-text producer is passed on through mediation. This leaves no room for functional variants: Don Quixote cannot be read as a children’s book or turned into a children’s book in translation, as this would imply a change of function and a falsification of the instruction; the New Testament can only be read as an operative text intended to improve new Christians, etc., not as an expressive text for the aes- thetic delight of ‘old’ Christians. If translators regard the source text and the translatum as two different (!) offers of information, they may then feel justified in making a responsible and creative decision. (15) To conclude, a text is not an instruction because it permits the recipients to recognize requests that are conditioned by the situation, to understand them in a particular way and to carry them out, but because it allows them to come to an interpretation that matches their own situation and is, therefore, in part individual. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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