Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Vampire Killers (originally titled Dance of the Vampires), an old
vampire grins when his young victim confronts him with a cross. “That doesn’t work”, he says, “I’m too old”. Watching the original English version, the audience has a reason to laugh because the old vampire says the cross is useless because he is a Jew. In all likelihood, the German version was attempting to avoid associations with recent German history. 37 With regard to text adaptations in translation, cf. also Wienold (1972: 169-70). An analysis of the communication in question may be useful to find out about the conditions for an information offer: a person may say It’s raining if it can be assumed that this is of some interest to the addressee, e.g. to indicate that it may be wise to take an umbrella, to respond to a question about the weather, to bridge a pause in the conversation which is beginning to feel awkward (to speak of an instruction in this case of ‘phatic communication’ would not make 36 Sprache dient ���� weniger dazu, bestimmte Bedeutungselemente und Bedeutungsstruk- turen nach festen Übersetzungsregeln mit ihrer je eigenen Bedeutung zu versehen. Man wählt vielmehr in steigendem Maße die Wörter und Sätze nach der sprachlichen Gesamt- situation, zu der auch ein Partner gehört, dessen “Denkalternativen” man antizipiert und “Denkalternativen” man antizipiert und Denkalternativen” man antizipiert und ” man antizipiert und man antizipiert und bei der sprachlichen Abbildung der zu übermittelnden Bedeutungsstruktur berücksichtigt. (Herrmann 1972: 121) 37 Ein weiteres Phänomen ist die aus politischen Gründen bewußt vorgenommene Ände- rung eines Textes in der Übersetzung. In der deutschen Version des Polanski-Films Tanz der Vampire grinst ein alter Vampir, als sein junges Opfer ihm ein Kreuz entgegenhält: Das nütze bei ihm nichts, er sei dazu zu alt. In der englischen Originalfassung lacht der Zuschauer zu Recht; dort sagt der alte Vampir, das Kreuz nütze nichts, denn er sei Jude. Hier sollte wohl die Synchronisation auf die belastete deutsche Vergangenheit Rücksicht nehmen. (Grimm 1977: 156) Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 76 any sense! 3.5.2.13), etc. By means of a similar analysis of the circumstances of the recipient (according to the sender's expectations), it should be possible to tell when It’s raining would not be an appropriate utterance. A translation is offered if, under the conditions of the target linguaculture, the translator (or any other interested party) perceives a need for it, i.e. readers who should be informed, or who it is assumed wish to be informed; a publisher who wants to try to sell books if this is common in the target culture (this cannot be decided from the source culture’s point of view!), etc. For example: with regard to the German campaign speech ( 3.4., Example 4), there was a need for information in the English-speaking world (or at least this was the assumption made by journalists), whereas for the commentary on Cicero’s De officiis, written in Latin by the Danish philologist Johan Nicolai Madvig (1804-86), such a need is not perceived to exist; therefore, this commentary has not been translated from Latin into German to date. It is assumed that potential readers know Latin anyway. These conditions do not apply just to face-to-face communication, they also apply, as shown by the examples, to texts preserved in writing or any other form of indirect communication. In such cases, the producer (or, in our spe- cific case, the translator-as-‘(re-)producer’) is also guided in his action by his expectations regarding a group of recipients and their situation, i.e. not with regard to a specific recipient known by name but with regard to colleagues, an audience of educated readers, people interested in politics, etc. Therefore, Glinz (1973: 17) is wrong when he claims that such “one-way communication” (ibid.: 16) can be made with regard to “any kind or any number of recipients, in any situation, and it will produce only a slight feeling of strangeness; ���� the other variables, such as the recipients and their situation, can be chosen at will”. 38 Any, really? Why does such a thing as political, or other, censor- ship exist? Would you read the Bible or the gutter press to a dying person? Could you replace the missal with a collection of jokes? (cf. the example of the Polanski film mentioned above). Every translational action is directed at an intended audience. The Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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