Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Translational action as an ‘offer of information’
58 Even for the reception of the source text, one of these aspects will be given prominence. No one can serve two masters at once. A translation brings this problem to the fore. For translation, Graph 5 should thus be expanded as in Graph 6 . If we now look at example 2 again, in light of these considerations, we will realize that it is not a two-phase process of communication at all. In example 2, the target audience’s background knowledge is also different, at least compared with that of the source-text recipients addressed by the author. Moreover, the translator uses verbalization strategies which are different from those used by the original author as the source and target texts differ with regard to structure and culture-specificity. Consequently, Graph 3 should also be redrawn. Example 4: A German politician delivers an election campaign speech, which is then translated for a British newspaper. It is obvious that the source-text information you should know that I want you to vote for me cannot be preserved in the target text. In this case, translation cannot be consid- ered the extension of an information process with a different code. It can only inform about the source-text information. damaligen Umständen in die heutigen zu transferieren, so, daß der jetzige Empfänger wie seine Kollegen damals klatscht: “Brillant! Der Roscius gehört freigesprochen!” – ���� Und “Brillant! Der Roscius gehört freigesprochen!” – ���� Und Brillant! Der Roscius gehört freigesprochen!” – ���� Und ” – ���� Und – ���� Und man versuche nicht, beide Strategien auf einmal zu verfolgen: das Ergebnis sind die weithin ungenießbaren Übersetzungen lateinischer Klassiker auf dem heutigen Buchmarkt. ���� Bei Abbildung der formalen Redestruktur stehen übrigens drei Entscheidungen an: juristische Struktur :: rhetorische Struktur, innerhalb der letzteren: ut nunc :: ut tunc. Die Folgen solcher Entscheidung lassen sich statistisch aufzeigen: Das heutige Deutsch zählt maximal 13-16 Wörter pro Satz (Eggers 1973: 33 ����); Cicero dürfte etwa 30 Wörter pro Satz zählen; traditionelle Übersetzungen, denen nichts heiliger ist als der Punkt, die also Satz für Satz übersetzen, zählen bis zu 39 Wörter pro Satz im deutschen Translat! Das ist eine Verfälschung gegenüber dem Latein – und erst recht regenüber dem heutigen Deutsch. (Vermeer �1979��1983: 82-84) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 59 The situation would be different if the election speech were to be translated for a minority language group in the same country. A minority would have the possibility to vote for the politician whose speech they had listened to. But, even in this case, the process would bear some similarity to the one described in Graph 7 : this minority has different cultural values which may require, for example, that a politician who wants to be able to address this minority directly in their own linguistic and cultural situation would have to compose his speech in a different way to get his intentions across; cf. Hispanic or Native American minorities in the United States. The examples discussed so far have mainly referred to translating, although interpreting could fall under Example 1 and Example 4. Neubert, House, and Diller and Kornelius also deal with translating only. Would considering interpreting lead to different conclusions? Let us take a brief look at simul- taneous interpreting, as it seems to differ more clearly from translating than consecutive interpreting does. We have stressed several times that translational action is a holistic pro- cess in which linguistic signs are not only transcoded, where transcoding does not only affect the linguistic signs. Every translational action also involves reorganizing both the relationship between the situation and its verbalized elements and the relationship between the source-culture and target-culture values. This is also true of interpreting. For example: the non-verbal gesture expressing gratitude in Indian cultures is verbalized in English, e.g. as Thanks!, as the target recipient expects a verbal expression of gratitude and would regard an omission as rudeness. Sometimes gratitude is not expressed (non-verbally) in Indian cultures in situations where English-speaking persons would expect a (verbal) expression of gratitude, so the interpreter adds a word of thanks. In both cases, the interpreter ‘informs’ instead of transcoding (unless we include transcoding from non-verbal to verbal signs). The Portuguese way of concluding a speech by disse (from Latin dixi, ‘I have said’) has no verbal equivalent in English, which uses a ‘zero form’. The interpreter does not transcode, she ‘informs’ about the end of the speech by other means, e.g. through her intonation, or by simply ceasing to speak. For the interpreter in the booth, it would not make sense to ‘in- terpret’ the speaker’s gestures by using any form of body language Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 60 because the audience would not see it anyway; sometimes, such signals may have to be expressed verbally or paraverbally, e.g. with a sigh of resignation or a particular intonation. Even the consecutive interpreter cannot simply reproduce a ges- ture but has to ‘interpret’ it because gestures are culture-specific. The interpreter ‘informs’ about the sense and the effect of a source text, he does not transcode blindly across cultural boundaries (‘text’ includes non-verbal phenomena, as the examples clearly show.) Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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