Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
I am going to the cinema with you tomorrow. When wording the statement,
the implied promise need not be explicitly verbalized because it can be clearly understood from the utterance and its circumstances (for a systematic approach to this kind of analysis, cf. Sökeland 1980). Using this methodology, we have derived the function (2) ‘expression of purpose’ from a more explicit statement (2’) ‘information about an expression of purpose’. Reiß’s functional text typology is based on Bühler’s organon model (cf. Reiß �1971��2000: 25; Bühler �1934��1990). Out of the model’s three functions (representation, expression and stimulation), Bühler himself gives priority to representation (cf. Jakobson 1971: 281, and Toury 1980a: 95, note 3, who refers to Jakobson.) Mutatis mutandis, this view was already held by Aristotle (cf. Vermeer 1972: 26). Cf. also Hörmann (1970: 24 and ch. 8 ). No sooner has Cicero dictated his speech once the court session is over, its functions change, at least in part, as described above. This change is inevitable. In the new situation, functions (1) and (2)/(2’) are obsolete because the court has already reached its decision; for contemporary readers, function (3)/(3’) is bound to gain more importance than it did in court. Why else would Cicero have taken so much effort to publish his speeches? Function (1) loses its immediate relevance, which is replaced by a historical relevance as the trial is definitely over when Cicero revises and edits his speech. In addition, the text gains new informative functions, as it is a kind of ‘meta-information’. For example, func- tion (1) and function (2’) are replaced by functions (1 2 ) and (2’ 2 ): (1 2 ) and (2’ 2 ) The recipients should note how things worked at that time and how Cicero acted; (4 2 ) The recipients should note how Cicero and his contemporaries composed and gave court addresses; (5 2 ) The recipients should note which rhetorical devices Cicero or a good lawyer of his time had at their disposal, etc. This leads us to the following conclusion: the publication by Cicero of the Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 56 speech he delivered in court after the session was over was by no means a two-phase process of communication. The second event (dictating the speech to be published) ‘informs’ about the first, ‘information’ being understood in the sense of functions (2’) and (3’): Cicero informs his readers (1 2 ) that the accused was not guilty, (2’2) that he, Cicero, demanded his acquittal, (3’2) that he delivered a good speech, (4’2) how his speech was composed, (5’2) which rhetorical devices he had at his disposal and put to use. We shall use this concept of ‘information’ in the following sections. The information contained in Cicero’s published speech is implicit but absolutely clear: if he had failed to win the lawsuit, he would not have written down his speech, or at least not in this form. ‘Information’ is used here as a generic term for speech functions in the sense of a producer communicating (or, to be more precise, wishing to communicate, 3.5.1.) to an intended audience what he wants the audience to understand and how he wants it to be understood. Graph 4 could therefore be replaced by Graph 5 : If we look at the reception of Cicero’s speech in another culture, for example a modern one, the functions will again be different. Let us assume that the recipients are members of another cultural community and they are not con- temporaries of Cicero. In this case, the information conveyed to the recipients is partly a subset of, and partly different from, the information directed at the contemporary audience of Cicero’s published speech. Their cultural background knowledge, in general, must be different. Modern readers are not only familiar with the result of the lawsuit but also with Cicero’s renown and impact over the centuries; we know how lawsuits and legal procedures in Roman times differ from lawsuits and legal procedures today, etc. It would be quite plausible that the same holds true for the reception of a text in a culture for which it was not intended, even without a time lag. And the same would apply to translation: culture, and language as a part of culture, inevitably change, and they change, as we mentioned before, along with all the values they imply. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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