Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Primary and secondary translation (Diller and Kornelius 1978)
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.3.3 Primary and secondary translation (Diller and Kornelius 1978)
Diller and Kornelius adopt Neubert’s text typology as their own, explicitly functional, approach. They distinguish between primary and secondary translation. “Primary” translations are intended to “establish communication between a source-language sender and a target-language recipient”, whereas “secondary” translations are intended to inform a “target-language recipient about a communication between a source-language sender and a source- language recipient”. 26 As examples of primary translation, the authors mention interviews on the occasion of a state visit, business correspondence, user manuals, or what they call “silent” translating (and what we do not consider to be a very general phenomenon): People who do not yet fully master the foreign language will start formulating silently what they want to say in their native tongue before translating it into the foreign language and saying it aloud. 27 26 Die “primäre Übersetzung” �soll�� eine Kommunikation zwischen einem AS-Sender “primäre Übersetzung” �soll�� eine Kommunikation zwischen einem AS-Sender primäre Übersetzung” �soll�� eine Kommunikation zwischen einem AS-Sender ” �soll�� eine Kommunikation zwischen einem AS-Sender �soll�� eine Kommunikation zwischen einem AS-Sender und einem ZS-Empfänger �herstellen��. Die “sekundäre Übersetzung” �soll�� einem ZS- “sekundäre Übersetzung” �soll�� einem ZS- sekundäre Übersetzung” �soll�� einem ZS- ” �soll�� einem ZS- �soll�� einem ZS- Empfänger eine Kommunikation zwischen AS-Sender und AS-Empfänger �mitteilen��. (Diller and Kornelius 1978: 3) 27 Wer in einem fremden Land der Landessprache noch nicht ganz sicher ist, wird das, was er sagen will, zunächst innerlich in seiner Muttersprache formulieren, ehe er es in die fremde Sprache übersetzt und artikuliert. (Diller and Kornelius 1978: 3) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 49 As examples of where secondary translations would be appropriate, they sug- gest speeches in election campaigns or parliamentary addresses, fiction and scholarly literature. It is obvious that this typology coincides largely, although not completely, with Neubert’s classification. Again, the examples point to a text-typological approach, but the authors implicitly seem to refer to the translation of a busi- ness letter as a business letter, an election speech as an election speech (and not as teaching material for the foreign language class), etc. Diller and Kornelius relate their typology to the distinction between alienating and assimilating translation which is usually attributed to Schleiermacher. Either the translator leaves the author in peace as much as possible and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace as much as possible and moves the writer towards him. (Schleiermacher �1838��2004: 49; cf. Diller and Kornelius 1978: 5). This dichotomy can actually be traced back to Cicero, who distinguished be- tween a translation intended to inform the recipient and a translation intended as a rhetorical exercise (cf. Cicero �46 B.C.E.��1942a: De optimo genere oratorum 5.14 and Cicero �46 B.C.E.��1942b: De oratore 1154-55; cf. also Stackelberg 1972: 2-3). There is some doubt, however, regarding whether Cicero’s dichotomy can actually be considered an analogy of Schleiermacher’s dichotomy (Wilss �1977��1982: 29-30 says it cannot), as Cicero finally rejected the literal translation “ut interpres” in favour of the free translation “ut orator”. Contrary to Diller and Kornelius, we believe that text type, genre, target- text function and translation strategy are four separate factors that do not stand in an equal relationship. For example: an election campaign speech can be translated as such (if the English-speaking US presidential candidate wants to address Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans), as a piece of information about a campaign speech (in order to inform Spanish newspaper readers of what the American candidate has to say) or as teaching material for the study of American rhetoric in an English language class; it can also be cul- turally transferred (e.g. toning down US American sentimentalism for German readers, cf. Beneke 1983), etc. But this cultural transfer is not necessarily conditioned by the informative function of the speech. Right after presenting their new dichotomy, Diller and Kornelius return to the old two-phase model when they write: Translation is the reproduction of a source-language text in a target language, in such a way that the meaning of the original is preserved in the translation. 28 28 Übersetzen ist die Wiedergabe eines Textes der Ausgangssprache (AS) in der Zielsprache Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 50 Reiß has reformulated the Diller and Kornelius approach, giving it the dynamic form it lacked: In the process of reverbalization, the translator has to make one general and many specific decisions. The general decision involves choosing a global strategy for the whole text ����, in the sense that he has to decide (a) whether to reproduce his own comprehension of the entire text in the translation or to ‘process’ his comprehension in some way for the intended readership, which may even imply some adaptation of the source text; and (b) whether to produce a ‘primary’ or a ‘second- ary’ translation ����, i.e. whether to establish direct communication between the source-language author and the target-language reader (primary translation) or to inform the target-language audience about the communication going on between the source-text author and his readership. This is a basic decision that may affect a large amount of the presupposed knowledge and the entire historical and socio-cultural environment of the source-language text in the translation process. 29 Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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