Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Overt and covert translation (House [1977]1981)
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
3.3.2 Overt and covert translation (House [1977]1981)
House (�1977��1981: 185-211) also speaks of two basic translation strategies (with subtypes). An overt translation, on the one hand, ‘overtly’ addresses an audience which is not that of the source text. This means that a new function is assigned to the translatum. A covert translation, on the other hand, is di- rected at both the target-text and the source-text addressees. In this case, the source-text function is usually preserved, as House (�1977��1981: 25) points out: “The essence of translation lies in the preservation of ‘meaning’ across two different languages” Like Neubert, House runs into problems because she combines three defining criteria which should be kept separate and distinguished from one another: the form and the meaning of a source text, and the function of a translational action. For example: the original meaning of a New Testament parable was to illustrate a moral by means of a memorable story. A translation of a New Testament parable could be intended to teach the moral, to demonstrate the aesthetic composition of the text, to fulfil magical or ritual needs in a worship service, to serve as an example in contrastive linguistics, etc. It depends on the intended function how the translation is done in each case (cf. Kassühlke 1983). In his review of House’s book, Faiß (1981: 79-80) agrees with her claim that the preservation of meaning, in an untenable overgeneralization, is the prime criterion for translation, and therefore he finds it impossible to appreciate the dichotomy of covert and overt translation. House herself explains her translation typology as follows: We suggest a basic division into two major translation types: overt translations and covert translations. We shall deal with the two types in turn: Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 46 1. An overt translation is one in which the TT �translation text�� ad- dressees are quite ‘overtly’ not being directly addressed; thus an overt translation is one which must overtly be a translation, not, as it were, a ‘second original’. In an overt translation, the ST �source text�� is tied in a specific way to the source-language community and culture; the ST is specifically directed at source-language addressees but is also pointing beyond the source-language community because ST – independent of its source-language origin – is also of potential general human inter- est. STs that call for an overt translation have an established worth or value in the source-language community and potentially in other communities. Such STs may be divided into two subgroups: a) overt, historicallylinked STs, i.e., those tied to a specific occasion in which a precisely specified source-language audience is/was being addressed; this case is clearly exemplified by the Political Speech and the Religious Sermon in our sample texts; b) overt, timeless STs, i.e., those transcending – as works of art and aesthetic creations – a distinct historical meaning while, of course, always necessarily displaying period (and culture) specificity because of the status of the addresser who is a product of his time and culture. In our corpus of texts, this type is represented by the Moral Anecdote and the Comedy Dialogue, both of which – although timeless and transmitting a general human message – are culture-specific because of their being marked on the language user dimensions (presence of a particular état de langue and geographical dialect respectively) and because of their having independent status in the language community through belonging to the community’s cultural products. �... �� The requirements for this type of translation �...�� are the following: a direct match of the original function of ST is not possible either be- cause of a ST’s being tied to a specific (non-repeatable) historic event in the source language community or because of the unique status (as a fictional text) that a given ST has in the source culture. (House �1977��1981: 188-90). 2. A covert translation is a translation which enjoys or enjoyed the status of an original ST in the target culture. The translation is covert because it is not marked pragmatically as a TT of an ST but may, con- ceivably, have been created in its own right. A covert translation is thus a translation whose ST is not specifically addressed to a target culture audience, i.e., not particularly tied to the source language community and culture. An ST and its covert TT are pragmatically of equal concern for source and target language addressees. Both are, as it were, equally directly addressed. An ST and its covert TT have equivalent purposes: they are based on contemporary, equivalent needs of a comparable audience in the source and target language communities. In the case of covert TTs, it is thus both possible and desirable to keep the function of ST equivalent in TT. |
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