Translation theory

Dialectics of translation
1. Inseparability of form and meaning.
A translator is to convey not only the ideas and themes of the source text (meaning, sense); s/he should also pay attention to the adequate form to express these ideas. S/he should not become carried away with a free (loose) form of translation, nor force the target language by following the source text word for word. A translator always bears in mind a stardard language of the target text, for, as W.Benjamin put it figuratively, «while content and language form a certain unity in the original, like a fruit and its skin, the language of the translation envelops its content like a royal robe with ample folds.»
2. Social functions.
Translation does not exist outside of society. It appeared in society when communities began to trade and exchange ideas. At the same time, translation helps the world community develop. Nations could hardly have achieved the technological success as it is in the 20th century if there had been no translations in electronics, physics, chemistry and other branches of science and technology. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica12, in the 20th century most of the world’s people speak one of about 75 primary languages. A small minority speak one of 450 secondary languages, and more than 4,400 other languages are in use. Without translation and translators the world would not be able to progress.
4. Translation and culture are inseparable.
Translation could not have developed without culture. Literature, science, and philosophy influence translators’ conceptualizations. On the other hand, culture could not have developed without translation, since translations enrich nations with the cultural values of other nations.
3. Reflection and creativity in translation.
Translation reflects the source text but it does not copy it. To translate adequately, a translator must do his or her best to find a proper means of expression. A translator bears in mind that the receptor has a cultural background other than that of a receptor of the original text; therefore, s/he has to be very resourceful in producing the same impact upon the receptor as that of the source text. Special problems arise in translating dialects, foreign speech, puns, poetry, etc. And a translator is in constant search for new tools to solve translation problems.
4. Translation is an art and a science.
Translation is dominated by objective, scientific, and linguistic description and explanation. At the same time it is a subjective choice of means preserving stylistic equivalence of the source text.
As a conclusion we can define the translation as the process of transferring any kind of word, sentence, text in oral or written form considering linguistic, though grammatical, lexical, stylistically peculiarities and extra linguistic, though cultural, pragmatic, cognitive peculiarities of source and target languages. We discuss these peculiarities of translation studies in next chapters of this manual.
It is necessary to understand the aim and task of the translation at the beginning of the course.
The aim of translation is to recreate text written by linguistic devices of mother language on the basis of linguistic devices of foreign language. To achieve this, at first translator should understand the content of source text completely, then express it in target language as the source language.
To perceive literal-esthetic reality created by author completely translator should have much incomprehensible opportunity, understand structural and stylistic-esthetic peculiarities of linguistic devices in literary work, image the main idea thought by author, his intention and aims, reality under the text, not only linguistic factors but also extra-linguistic factors. As a result, reader of target text should understand the text as the source text.
The task of translation is to learn similarities and differences between lexical, grammatical, and stylistic peculiarities of source and target languages and to recreate the concordance of the form and content of target text by the help of source text.
So, every translator intends to translate pragmatic translation which is the same text to the source text. To achieve this success translator should get comprehension about the grammatical, lexical, stylistic, linguocultural problems of source and target languages.