Translation theory

Commonality of content units
The process of comparing systems of two languages ​​can be built on the basis of either the plan of expression or the plan of content.
In a comparative typology, depending on the nature or purpose of the comparison process, research can be built on both. However, the organization of a typological operation on the basis of units of content can be considered more acceptable. The translation process is similar in nature to the typological comparison process. The translator also searches for equivalent forms of expressing a particular meaning in another language, because translation is the transformation of the source text while preserving the meaning.
“Translation is the process of converting a speech work in one language into a speech work in another language while maintaining the same plan of content, i.e. values. In other words, the translation, as well as the typological comparison, reveals peculiar language means equivalent to the specific content in the language into which the text is translated.” [L.S.Barkhudarov.2016.Sank-Peterburg.p.15].
The identity of the comparison process
The operations of comparative typology and translation fall into two stages. A typological operation consists of two stages: (a) abstraction, or typology, and (b) correspondence or transformation.
The translation process also takes place in stages. The initial stage is the stage of understanding someone else's text, the stage of preparation for translation, i.e. analytical, abstracted process. The second stage is the stage of implementation of the first stage data, the synthetic stage.
As for machine translation, it is also carried out in stages: the stages of analysis and synthesis, or the selection operation and the conversion operation.
The second stage of operations during translation is associated with synthesizing the results of the linguistic stage, with further correspondence, or transformation. The results obtained in the process of typological analysis are used in machine translation, because it is impossible to build machine translation without a systemic description of languages.
However, many data obtained as a result of typological operations may not be sufficient for machine translation, and vice versa, the results may be redundant for comparative typology (for example, various codes, formulas, algorithms, programs, etc.).
Inter-level corresponding units
The particular heterogeneity (heterogeneity) of systems of unrelated languages ​​requires the identification of means of expression of a particular category at all levels of the language hierarchy.
There can be no talk about the completeness of comparison or comparison of a certain text of different-system languages ​​without fixing the means of expressing units of all levels.
The theory of translation is built on similar foundations. For translation, data identified by a typological operation is required. A special role is played by inter-level typological synonyms or transformational variants of the surface structure. For example, if a certain category is transmitted in aquatic language by means of a verbal non-nominalized form or structure, in another, the corresponding norms can be nominated.
If in the source language a certain meaning is expressed by units of the word level, then in the language of translation the corresponding confronts can be correlated with the level of the word combination.
Comparative typology and translation theory are also theoretically and practically connected.
Communication at the theoretical level is based on the fact that, presenting the scientific aspects of language learning, both a comparative typology and translation are concerned with establishing the laws of correspondence between the means of two or more independent languages.
At the practical level, a comparative typology is associated with the learning process, and the translation with the reader’s familiarization with a foreign language text.