U. S. Department of the Interior U. S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5237

Document Outline

• Cover
• Title Page
  • Suggested Citation
• Contents
  • List of Figures
    • Figure 1.  Location of Lake Panasoffkee in west-central Florida.
    • Figure 2.  The Lake Panasoffkee surface-water drainage basin and watershed boundary.
    • Figure 3.  Physiographic regions of west-central Florida (after White, 1970).
    • Figure 4.   Lake regions of north-central Florida
    • Figure 5.  Location of springs, spring complexes, and sinks in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Figure  6.  Fenney Spring pool
    • Figure 7.  Location of spring vents and surface-water gaging stations near Belton’s Millpond Spring 
    • Figure 8.  Maintenance Spring pool
    • Figure 9.  Location of springs in the Canal Springs Complex.
    • Figure 10.  Location of surface-water stations in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Figure 11.  Location of wells in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Figure 12.  Location of rain gage sensors and lake stage gages
    • Figure 13.  Lake Panasoffkee bathymetric model.
    • Figure 14.  Location of water-quality sampling stations in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Figure 15.  Relation of stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units
    • Figure 16.  Hydrogeologic cross sections of the shallow groundwater system
    • Figure 17.  A. Hydrogeologic cross sections of the deep groundwater system
    • Figure 18.  Regional transmissivity of the Upper Floridan aquifer
    • Figure 19.  Hydrostratigraphy at four wells installed in the Lower Floridan aquifer 
    • Figure 20.  Areal extent of middle confining units I and II 
    • Figure 21.  Regional groundwater flow system in the Upper Floridan aquifer, September 2007
    • Figure 22.  Generalized potentiometric-surface map of the Upper Floridan aquife
    • Figure 23.  Generalized potentiometric-surface map of the Upper Floridan aquifer
    • Figure 24.  Areas of recharge and discharge potential between the surficial aquifer and the Upper Fl
    • Figure 25.  Areas of recharge and discharge potential between the surficial aquifer and the Upper Fl
    • Figure 26.  Comparison of hydraulic head between the surficial aquifer and Upper Floridan aquifer i
    • Figure 27.  Lake stage at Pana Vista Lodge
    • Figure 28.  Relative flow contributions from each stream reach to total streamflow
    • Figure 29.  Hydraulic head data for A, Shady Brook, and B, Outlet River, 
    • Figure 30.  Diagram of water budget terms.
    • Figure 31.   Monthly total rainfall in the Lake Panasoffkee
    • Figure 32.  Location of onsite wastewater treatment systems within 100 meters
    • Figure 33.  Summary of monthly water-budget data for Lake Panasoffkee
    • Figure 34.  Water types from water-quality samples
    • Figure 35.  Relation between strontium isotope ratios and the reciprocal of the strontium
    • Figure 36.  Relation between deuterium and oxygen and isotope data
    • Figure 37.  Generalized conceptual model of the Lake Panasoffkee
  • List of Tables
    • Table 1.  Location and name of springs in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Table 2.  Location of surface-water stations in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Table 3.  Location of additional wells in the Lake Panasoffkee study area
    • Table 4.  Location of water-quality sampling stations in the Lake Panasoffkee study area.
    • Table 5.  Elevation of land surface datum, total depth, and depth to encountered formations for sele
    • Table 6.  Average monthly surface-water discharge 
    • Table 7.  Summary of measured discharge at spring and surface-water stations in the Lake Panasoffkee
    • Table 8.  Monthly rainfall statistics for the Lake Panasoffkee watershed for water years 2006-08 com
    • Table 9.  Summary of energy-budget data for Lake Panasoffkee from October 2006 through September 200
    • Table 10.  Summary of monthly water-budget data for Lake Panasoffkee 
    • Table 11.  Comparison of the May 1992 through April 1993 and May 2007 through April 2008 Lake Panas
    • Table 12.  Strontium, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope data
    • Table 13.  Carbon and tritium isotope data with adjusted carbon-14 groundwater data collected from 
    • Table 14.  Mean concentrations, mean calculated atmospheric mixing ratios, 
• Abstract
• Introduction
  • Purpose and Scope
  • Previous Studies
  • Description of Study Area
  • Physiography
  • Tributaries and Springs
• Methods of Investigation
  • Measurement of Streamflow and  Spring Flow
  • Measurement of Groundwater Levels
  • Geospatial Techniques
  • Calculation of Evaporation and  Groundwater Inflow
  • Collection of Precipitation Data
  • Determination of Lake Volume and Change  in Storage 
  • Geophysical Measurements
  • Water Chemistry Sampling Methods and Analysis
• Hydrogeology
  • Surficial Aquifer System
  • Intermediate Confining Unit
  • Upper Floridan Aquifer
  • Middle Confining Units I and II
  • Lower Floridan Aquifer
  • Groundwater Levels, Contributing Areas, and Differences in Head
  • Geophysics
• Surface-Water Hydrology
  • Streamflow
  • Spring Inflows
  • Ungaged Flow
  • Lake Level
  • Streamflow Gains and Losses
• Water Budget
  • Precipitation
  • Evaporation 
  • Onsite Septic Wastewater-Treatment Systems
  • Groundwater Inflow
  • Comparisons to Earlier Water Budget Study
• Water Chemistry
  • Major Ions
  • Sources of Sulfate
  • Isotopes 
    • Strontium
    • Deuterium and Oxygen-18
  • Age Dating
    • Carbon-14 and Tritium
    • Sulfur Hexafluoride
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References Cited
• Appendix 1. Elevation of water levels in all wells used to create Upper Floridan aquifer potentiomet
• Appendix 2. Major ion, nutrient, and field parameter  water-quality data from the Lake Panasoffkee 
• Untitled
• Cover3_colophon.pdf
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