Umumiy та ’lumotlar Shaxs yoki buyumni ifodalovchi w ho? kim?

1. Must can be replaced by have to with little difference in meaning: 
You have to study. (= you must study)
2. Have to is a more informal while Must is mostly used in written orders or instructions.  
Boss: You must complete this work by Friday
Worker: We have to complete this essay by Friday.  
3. When we are mentioning someone else's obligations, we use have to.
John has to quit working in this company.
4. For questions it is more common to use have to instead of must (which sounds very formal):  
When do you have to finish the report? 
5. The past tense of must is had to: 
I had to pay my bill yesterday. 
Mustn't and Don't have to:
Mustn't is a negative obligation (= it is important that you do NOT do something) while don't have to is an absence of obligation.
Mustn't = it is prohibited; it is not allowed
Don't have to = no obligation; you are not required to do something, especially if you don't want to.
You must not drink this water. (= it is forbidden to drink that; it is not allowed)
You don't have to drink this juice. (= you don't need to drink that but you can if you want)

3. Computer A computer is a device that processes data according to a set of instructions known as a program. The equipment is known as the hardware and the programs and data are the software. A special set of programs, called an operating system, provides an interface for the user and allows applications programs to communicate with the hardware. Common applications programs include wordprocessors for creating and editing texts, spreadsheets for calculating mathematical formulae and databases for storing data in a way that allows the data to be sorted and searched.

4. Write for or since.
a) She ‘s been in London since Monday
b) My aunt has lived in Australia for 15 years.
c) India has been an independent country for 20 minutes

30-bilet 1Protsessor Protsessor, masalan Pentium, bu kompyuterning eng muhim qismidir. U ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlaydi va kompyuterni boshqaradi. Serverlar sifatida ishlatiladigan kuchli kompyuterlarda ko'pincha bir nechta protsessor mavjud. Xotiraning ikkita asosiy turi mavjud: RAM (tasodifiy kirish xotirasi) tutadi

dastur ko'rsatmalari va protsessor tomonidan ishlatiladigan ma'lumotlar, b ROM (faqat xotira o'qish) kompyuterni ishga tushirish uchun zarur bo'lgan dastur ko'rsatmalarini va sozlamalarini ushlab turadi.
2. The Simple Present Tense (Oddiy hozirgi zamon)
Oddiy hozirgi zamon (Simple Present)ning yasalishi
1. Simple Presentning 3-shaxs birlikdan tashqari barcha shakllari fe’lning asosiy shaklini, (infinitivning to yuklamasi tushirib qoldirilgan shaklini) qo‘yish bilan yasaladi. 3-shaxs birlikda fe’lning asosiy shakliga –s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shildi: to work — I (we, you, they) work, he works. 3-shaxs birlik qo‘shimchasi -s jarangli undosh tovushlar va unlilar dan keyin [z], jarangsiz undosh tovushlardan keyin [s] deb o‘qiladi: He reads [ri:dz]. He sees [si:z]. He writes [raits].
3-shaxs birlikda ss, ch, sh, x harflar (sirg‘aluvchi tovushlar) bilan tugagan fe’llarga -es qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi va [iz] deb o‘qiladi: I pass — he passes, I dress — he dresses, I teach — he teaches, I wish — he wishes. Izoh: Oldida undosh harfi bo‘lgan -y harfi bilan tugagan fe’llarga 3-shaxs birlikda -es qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi va y harfi i harfiga aylanadi: I cry — he cries [kraiz]; I carry — he carries [kariz]. Oldida unli harfi bo‘lgan y harfi bilan tugagan fe’llarga 3-shaxs birlikda umumiy qoida asosida -s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi: Iplay — he plays [pleiz]. 3-shaxs birlikda to do, to go fe’llariga -es qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi: He goes, he does.
2. Bo‘lishsiz shakli asosiy fe’lning oldiga do (does) yordamchi fe’lini va not inkor yuklamasini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi: