Unit 12 racial classification* Contents
CONTRIBUTION OF J. F. BLUMENBACH
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Unit12
12.1
CONTRIBUTION OF J. F. BLUMENBACH Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) was a German Physician. In 1775, after studying 60 human crania, he divided human species into five distinctive races based on skull shape. He assumed that Homo sapiens had been created in one place and then spread across the world and climate, environment, different modes of life, and the transmission of acquired characteristics shaped these people into different races. Blumenbach coined the term “Caucasian”, derived from the mountain range between Russia and Georgia and for him the ideal skull type was the Caucasian, with degeneration in other skull types. His 1795 classification was similar to that of his teacher Linnaeus’s classification who divided races into four major categories i.e. American, European, Asian and African (Chahal, 2011). Racial classification proposed by Blumenbach is: 1) The Caucasian or White: People of Europe (except Laplanders and Finns) also found in North Africa and in Western Asia as far as the Ganges. 2) The Mongolian or Yellow: Finns and Laplanders of Europe; Eskimos (now called Inuits) of America, Inhabitants of Asia (except Caucasians). 3) The Malayan or Brown: Inhabitants of the Pacific region. 159 4) The Ethiopean or Black: Rest 5) Africans (other than Caucasians). 6) The American or Red: People of America (except Eskimos). Blumenbach argued for ‘degenerative hypothesis’ of racial origin, and claimed that the Adam and Eve were inhabitants of Asia with Caucasian characteristics. Other races probably originated because of degeneration of environmental factors such as sun and diet. Therefore, Negroid’s black pigmentation arose because of heat of tropical sun and Eskimo’s (now called Inuits) tawny colour because of cold wind. He also believed in reversed degeneration; all the other forms could revert to the Caucasian form depending on sun and diet. However, one can find (even used for) scientific racism in his idea of degeneration, however Blumenbach never identified any race superior to others. Download 228.37 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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