United kingdom Introduction

B. Social issues and challenges faced by the United Kingdom
One of the most significant social issues facing the United Kingdom is income inequality. Despite being 
one of the wealthiest countries in the world, the United Kingdom has a staggering wealth gap, with the top 
10% of earners holding 44% of the total wealth. This inequality leads to a range of challenges, including 
increased poverty, inadequate access to healthcare, housing and education, and decreased social mobility. 
Another pressing issue facing the UK is demographic change, with an ageing population and decreasing 
birth rates presenting significant challenges to the economy and social systems. Additionally, the rise of 

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nationalism and identity politics in the wake of Brexit has created further tensions and challenges for the 
country, including increased polarization and a growing sense of division. Addressing these social issues 
will require innovative policies and concerted efforts from both the government and civil society.
C. Education, Health and Welfare systems in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has implemented a comprehensive education, health, and welfare system to ensure 
its citizens have access to essential services. The education system is divided into four stages, including 
primary, secondary, further, and higher education. Education is free and compulsory for all children 
between the ages of five and sixteen years old. The health system in the UK is funded by the National 
Health Service (NHS), which provides free access to medical care and prescriptions for all UK citizens 
and permanent residents. The UK welfare system provides social security benefits and assistance to those 
in need, including disability support, unemployment benefits, and housing benefits. While these systems 
have faced challenges in recent years, such as austerity measures and funding cuts, they remain an integral 
part of the UK's social and economic fabric, aiming to promote equitable access to education, healthcare, 
and support for all.
Brexit has caused unprecedented political turmoil in the United Kingdom, resulting in a significant change 
in the nation's relationship with the European Union. While the Brexit vote reflected the desire of many 
Britons to regain control over their own laws, trade policies, and migration, it has raised serious questions 
about the stability and future of the UK. Since the referendum in June 2016, the UK government has been 
struggling to negotiate a satisfactory Brexit deal with Brussels, while simultaneously managing growing 
internal divisions and political gridlock. Theresa May's attempts to push through her own Brexit deal with 
the EU was met with multiple defeats in parliament, ultimately leading to her resignation and the rise of 
Boris Johnson. As Britain continues to navigate this deeply divided and uncertain political landscape, 
Brexit remains a pressing and unresolved issue that will have significant consequences for the country's 
future place in the global community.