Using authentic materials to develop listening comprehension in the

Definitions of Listening 11
Importance of Listening 12
Listening as an Active Process 13
Listening Comprehension Versus Reading Comprehension. 14
Listening Comprehension 16
Tasks for Listening Comprehension 17
LISTENING AND ENGLISH-AS-A-SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING 19
Negligence of Listening Skill in Language Instruction 19
Nature of Language Classroom Speech 20
The Role of Input in Language Learning 22
Input Processing and Intake 26
The Role of Output in Language Learning 27
Inner Speech and Language Learning 28
Maturation and Language Learning 29
The Role of Background Knowledge in Language Learning 30
Cultural Background and Second-Language Comprehension 33
THE USE OF AURAL AUTHENTIC MATERIALS 34
Definitions of Authentic Materials 34
Authentic Materials and Language Performance 34
Nature of Authentic Texts 36
Implementing Authentic Materials in Classroom Listening 37
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 40
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY 40
STUDENT SELECTION 42
Selection 42
Recruitment 43
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE STUDENTS 43
CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT 46
Setting 46
Time 46
CLASSROOM PRACTICES 48
Listening Materials Implemented in Class 48
Class Procedure 48
TEACHER'S PEDAGOGY 49
INTERVIEWS 50
Interviews with Students 51
Interview with Teacher 53
SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE 54
LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGY QUESTIONNAIRE 54
CLASS OBSERVATION 56
DATA COLLECTION 57
ANALYSIS OF DATA 58
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 60
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 62
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY 62
RESULTS OF THE STUDY 63
Results for Fundamental Research Question: Influences of Aural Authentic Materials 63
Summary of Findings Related to the Influences of Aural Authentic Materials 80
Results for Secondary Research Question #1: Learning Strategy Use 80
Summary of Findings Related to the Learning Strategy Use 86
Results for Secondary Research Question #2: Attitudes towards Language Learning 88
Summary of Findings Related to the Students’ Attitudes towards Language Learning 89
OVERALL FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 89
Students with no Progress in Listening Ability 90
Students with Progress in Listening Ability 90
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 93
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY 93
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 94
Authenticity of the Listening Materials 94
Influences of Aural Authentic Materials on Listening Comprehension 97
Use of Learning Strategies 99
Attitudes towards Language Learning 100
CONCLUSIONS 101
RECOMMENDATIONS 102
Recommendations for Future Research 102
Implications for Teaching 103
REFERENCES 105
APPENDICES 122
APPENDIX A: CONSENT FORM 123
APPENDIX B: BACKGROUND QUESTIONNAIRE 124
APPENDIX C: CODES FOR DATA ANALYSIS 125
APPENDIX D: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY WORKSHEETS 129
APPENDIX E: 100 UNAMBIGUOUS ISOLATED EVENTS 134
APPENDIX F: TRANSCRIPT OF VIDEOTAPED CLASS SESSION 138
APPENDIX G: BAR GRAPH OF STUDENTS' CLASS ATTENDANCE 147
APPENDIX H: OVERALL RESULT OF CLASS OBSERVATION 148
APPENDIX I: SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE 153
APPENDIX J: LEARNING STRATEGY QUESTIONNAIRE 154
APPENDIX K: ANOVA FOR LEARNING STRATEGY USE 155
APPENDIX L: SUMMARY PROFILE OF STUDENTS 156
APPENDIX M: PROBLEMS IN DATA COLLECTION PROCESS 158
VITA 159

Table 1 Sources of Data 42
Table 2 Demographic Data of Students. 45
Table 3 Analysis of Data 59
Table 4 Students’ Understanding of Authentic Language 67
Table 5 Results from Class Observation 75
Table 6 Students' Responses on Self-Evaluation Questionnaire 77
Table 7 Interviews with Students on Learning Strategy Use. 82
Table 8 Interview with Teacher on Language Learning Strategies 84
Table 9 Class Observation on Learning Strategy Use 85
Table 10 Responses to Questionnaire on Learning Strategy Use 87
Table D-1 Face Validity Using 100 Unambiguous Classroom Events 129
Table D-2 Construct Validity Using 100 Unambiguous Classroom Events 130
Table D-3 Observer Reliability Using Observation Notes and Videotape 131
Table D-4 Interrater Reliability Using Three 10-minute Videotape Segments 132
Table D-5 Intraobserver Reliability Using Three 10-minute Videotape Segments 133
Table H-1 Overall Result of Class Observation 149
Table H-2 Overall Numbers of Occurrences 150
Table H-3 Percentages of Occurrence for each Category across Students 151
Table H-4 Percentages of Occurrence for each Student across Categories 152
Table K-1 Results of One-way ANOVA for Mean Strategy Use 155
Figure 1 Classroom layout 47
Figure 2 Line chart of students’ progress in listening inside class 78
Figure 3 Line chart of students’ progress in listening outside class 79
Figure 4 Degree of authenticity 96
Figure 5 Students' class attendance 147