Uva-dare (Digital Academic Repository) Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan
Download 3.36 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
|
UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan Rezvani, B. Link to publication
Rezvani, B. (2013). Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan Amsterdam: Vossiuspers UvA
It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).
If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 03 Feb 2018 U NIVERSITEIT VAN A MSTERDAM
Ethno-Territorial Confl ict and Coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan Ethn
o-T er rito ria l C
onfl ic
t a nd C
oexi sten
ce in t he C
auc asu
s, C en tra l A sia a
nd F er eyd an Ba ba k R ezva
ni Babak Rezvani Few authors have such an intimate knowledge of the background of confl icts in Cen- tral Asia. Rezvani looks at the region from a fresh perspective. He arrives at highly relevant recommendations how the politicization of ethnicity can be avoided and how ethnic nationalism in the long run can be turned into civic nationalism. Gerd Junne: Emeritus Professor of International Relations, University of Amster- dam.
It is rare to fi nd such a thorough study about identity/culture and territory/geography in the troubled regions of Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Iran, and it is even more rare to fi nd a comparative analysis. Th is book is encyclopedic and thought-provoking at the same time. Ton Dietz: Director of African Studies Centre, Leiden University, and Guest Profes- sor of Human Geography, University of Amsterdam. In contrast to much other research on confl ict between ethnic groups, Rezvani has not only focused on the confl icts and their origins but also included the set of situa- tions where a confl ict could have erupted but failed to occur. Th is provides a useful correction to stereotypes of “confl ict-prone” regions, particularly in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Gertjan Dijkink: Associate Professor of Political Geography, University of Amster- dam. Babak Rezvani’s well-written and systematic work focuses on ethno-territorial and demographic aspects of confl ict, combining theory with case studies and statistical analysis. He not only provides an innovative and interesting contribution to his fi eld of study but also demonstrates a detailed knowledge of the relevant literature. Th e book is extremely well-sourced and off ers a deep and insightful history of the areas and confl icts concerned. Georg Frerks: Professor of Confl ict Prevention and Confl ict Management, Utrecht University, Th e Netherlands. Babak Rezvani is a geographer and political scientist. 9 789056 297336 isbn 978-90-5629-733-6 U NIVERSITEIT VAN A MSTERDAM
1
Ethno-Territorial Conflict and Coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan Babak Rezvani University of Amsterdam 2013 2 Publication of this book is made possible by a grant from NWO (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research).
Lay out: Babak Rezvani Cover illustration: Babak Rezvani ISBN 9789056297336 E-ISBN 9789048519286 ISBN ePub 9789048519293
© Babak Rezvani & Vossiuspers UvA–Amsterdam University Press, 2013
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book.
Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever.
Voorzover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16B Auteurswet 1912 jº het Besluit van 20 juni 1974, Stb. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, Stb. 471 en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3051, 2130 KB Hoofddorp). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. 3
ETHNO-TERRITORIAL CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE IN THE CAUCASUS, CENTRAL ASIA AND FEREYDAN academisch proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op dinsdag 12 februari 2013, te 12:00 uur
door
Babak Rezvani
geboren te Teheran, Iran
4
Promotiecommissie:
Promotor: Prof. dr. H. Knippenberg Co-promotor: Dr. G.J.W. Dijkink
Overige Leden: Prof. dr. T. Atabaki Prof. dr. A.J. Dietz Prof. dr. G.C.A. Junne Prof. dr. G.E. Frerks Dr. C.M.L. Hille
Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen 5
Preface --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Power of Culture: Religion, Language and Ethnic Kinship ----------------- 43 Power of History: Traumatic Peak Experiences ------------------------------ 46
Political and Economic Grievances--------------------------------------------- 48 State in Disarray ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
Ethno-Political Systems and Opportunity Structures------------------------- 54 Ethno-Geographic Configuration ----------------------------------------------- 59
Systems and Policies-------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
The Soviet Nationalities Policy: Historical Underpinnings ----------------- 72 The Soviet Union on the Eve of its Collapse and Beyond ------------------- 83
Ethnic and Religious Policies in Iran: Historical Underpinnings ----------- 96 Territorial Administrative Policies in Iran: Historical Underpinnings ----104
Ethnic, Religious, and Territorial Administrative Policies in Iran: The Contemporary Situation---------------------------------------------------------108
6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------169
7
Configuration---------------------------------------------------------------------------341
Example ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------351
Population in the Republic of Azerbaijan ----------------------------------------355
8
9
It was a summer evening. It was the last day of the summer. Arriving from Esfahan, my uncle picked us up at the bus terminal in Tehran. The sky was reddish. It was the last day of my serene childhood. It was war, the “War” from now on. Saddam had attacked Iran. It changed my childhood from a time of childhood—yes, just normal “childhood”—to a time of suffering, which accompanied me into my youth. Now, I know that I was not the only child who has been denied just normal “childhood”. I had always thought that war was something which belonged to the movies or legends. The reality soon taught me that I was wrong. Shortly after my arrival in the Netherlands the War stopped. But it took more than one more year for the Western World to begin admitting that Saddam was “bad”. I was angry and I remain angry: why did they not admit that Saddam was “bad”—and not just bad, but cruel, bloodthirsty, and evil—when he killed so many Iranians and Iraqi Kurds by “conventional” and chemical weapons. The War had ended, but the horrors of that war were still fresh in my memory. I still remember the day when the torn bodies of our schoolmates arrived at our school yard and made our tough Nazem—the school manager of punishments—hit his head and shed tears. But the War had hardly stopped when new wars emerged—and still emerge all round the world, unfortunately. The ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union broke out one after another. It was a time of euphoria in the West. The former communist regimes fell one after another. Despite the salience of an aggressive ethno-nationalism in the former communist countries, many believed that it was the beginning of better times. The nationalism? Oh, yes, the Nationalism; that was just an expression of new freedom, because the ethnic and national feelings were suppressed for “so many years”. Really? Many years later it became visible that the better times were still not there. It was a time of extreme poverty and bloodshed. Thanks to my background, I have always been interested in the Caucasus. Why were they fighting? Despite many pseudo-intellectuals, I know very well that it was not natural for people in the Caucasus to kill each other. It was a time when I began seriously to study the Caucasus and Central Asia and the post-communist world in general. The Caucasus and Central Asia were also the regions about which I wrote two Masters’ theses and one PhD thesis. This current book is a result of my PhD research. That research was made possible only by the grant I received from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific 10
Research (NWO). It was a competitive grant and was not easy to get. But fortunately I was successful and this motivated me all the more. Therefore, I want to thank my supervisors, Professor Dr. Hans Knippenberg and Dr. Dijkink. Without their comments, corrections, suggestions—at times demanding but always benign—and guidance, I could not have managed to write this book. Writing this book has been a pleasurable task, which has consumed so many hours of my life in different parts of the world, such as the Netherlands, USA (Minnesota), Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, and Iran—even in the most unusual places, such as in airports, trains, and taxis. I am grateful to Ruadhan Hayes for correcting and editing my English text; his efforts have enormously improved the readability of this book. I also want to thank other colleagues from my institute—formerly called AMIDSt and now AISSR—at the University of Amsterdam. Many colleagues, both seniors and juniors, both scientific and non-scientific, were kind to me and have supported me in many ways. To name only a few, I would like to thank Virginie Mamadouh, Jan Mansvelt-Beck, Jan Markusse, James Sidaway, Herman Van der Wusten, Hebe Verrest, Benson Mulemi, Guida Morais e Castro Ermida, Puikang Chan, Gert Van der Meer, Joos Droogleever Fortuyn, Sjoerd de Vos and many others. My international network has helped me enormously. This research could not have been done without their support and assistance. First of all, I want to thank the kind professor from Russia who scanned and sent me by e-mail the maps of “Narody mira”; unfortunately I lost his contact details because of so many upgrades to our email-system at the University of Amsterdam. In addition, I want to thank Giorgi Kipiani, Giorgi Kheviashvili, Nodar Kochlashvili, Merab Chukhua, Tornike Gordadze, Giorgi (George) Tarkhan-Mouravi, Giorgi (George) Sanikidze, Tina Gogheliani, Yuri (Giorgi) Anchabadze, Tom Trier, Arif Yunusov, Rauf Garagozov, Saadat Yusifova, Garnik Asatrian, Victoria Arakelova, Khachik Gevorgian, Aziz Tamoyan, Arayik Sargsyan, Kevin Tuite, John Colarusso, Viacheslav Chirikba, Tamerlan Salbiev, Shaban Khapizov, Temur Aitberov, John Schoeberlein, Laura Adams, Thomas Goltz, Iraj Bashiri, Michael Kemper, Maral Madieva, Merim Razbaeva, Kim German, Kamoluddin Abdullaev, Didar Kassymova, Said Muliani, Eydimohammad Sepiani, Mato Hakhverdian, Ahmad Muliani, and many others. Special thanks go to a young man originally from Aghdam, living in the special settlements for Karabakh refugees, who despite all difficulties came to Baku to visit me in the summer of 2008. I want to also thank my PhD committee for having accepted the task to read my dissertation and promote me. They are Professor Dr. Gerd Junne (University of Amsterdam), Professor Dr. Ton Dietz (University of
11
Amsterdam and African Studies Center, Leiden University), Dr. Charlotte Hille (University of Amsterdam), Professor Dr. Touraj Atabaki (Leiden University and the International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam), and Professor Dr. Georg Frerks (Utrecht University). Last but not least, I want to thank my family for supporting me in both my personal and professional life. My special gratitude goes to my dear wife, who has accompanied my life since five years ago and has supported me in joyful and difficult moments. Babak Rezvani 2012
12
Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
|