Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd

Connotative meaning refers to the associated, implied, or secondary meaning of a word. It is connected to the emotions and experiences of human beings. Connotative meaning can be positive, neutral, or negative, depending on the way a word, a phrase or a sentence is used in a discourse;
Connotative meaning is secondary, associated or implied meaning of a word. It varies according to such factors as culture, historical period, social class and general real-life experience of a speaker or writer.
Connotation can be ameliorated (improved) or pejorated (deteriorated) due to the aim of the speaker/writer and his choice of the associative meaning laid down in the semantic structure.
Meaning construction is often made by means of metonymy and metaphor;
Besides metaphor and metonymy there exist other types of semantic change: hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism.
Meaning construction in phraseological units is often by means of mental spaces and conceptual blending.
In conceptual blending, or integration, there are several organising frames in input space. And the blended space contains parts of each of those frames represented by components of multi-word units (idioms).
According to A.V. Kunin: Connotative - reflecting additional shades of meaning, which are inherent in the semantic structure of the word components and present a complex cognitive unity with it, by expressing objective or subjective emotional, evaluative attitude of the speaker to the subject of the nomination, adding specific stylistic colouring, imagery and speech style.
Connotative meaning may be of 5 types:
1. functional (reflecting the sphere of usage of the word, its register)
2. evaluative (positive, negative or neutral)
3. emotive (rendering the attitude of the speaker, pleasant or unpleasant)
4. expressive (containing an image of pragmatic value, based on cognitive metaphor or metonymy)
5. cumulative (refers to cultural proverbs and sayings)

84. 
    What is the difference between borrowed intralingual and interlingual phraseological units? Provide examples
    

Borrowed PhUs represent:
- interlingual PhUs – interlanguage borrowings, that is, phraseological units borrowed from foreign languages by means of one or another type of translation. Example: blue blood, the last straw;
- intralingual PhUs – intralingual borrowings, that is, phraseological units borrowed from American and other variants of the English language. Example: to strike oil (Americanism);

85. 
    How is the idiophraseomatic meaning represented in PhUs? Provide examples