Uzbekistan State World Languages University ma course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” Academic year 2022-2023 /3rd

What is a linguistic valency? What types of them do you know?

The use of words in a certain syntagmatic position is due to particular logical, semantic, morphological and syntactic relations, which all together are called collocability or valency.
Valency is an aptness or potential of a word to be used with other words in language and speech;
Valency can be grammatical and lexical.
• Lexical valency is the aptness of a word to appear in various collocations, i.e. in combinations with other words. The lexical valency of correlated words in different languages is not identical.
• See: clever-intelligent VS smart-intelligent VS aqlli-ziyoli/o'qimishli: We say "clever idea" but "intelligent idea"?
GRAMMATICAL VALENCY
The individual meanings of a polysemantic word may also be described and learned through its grammatical valency, e.g.
keen+ N as in keen sight 'sharp';
keen + on + N as in keen on sports 'fond of'; keen+ V(inf) as in keen to know 'eager';
Note:
keen as mustard-extremely eager or enthusiastic (idiomatic, partially motivated).
In linguistics valency or valence is the number and type of arguments controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including the subject. The linguistic meaning of valency derives from the definition of valency in chemistry.
Types
There are several types of valency:
1. impersonal (= avalent) itrains
2. intransitive (monovalent/monadic) she sleeps
3. transitive (divalent/dyadic) she kicks the ball
4. ditransitive (trivalent/triadic) she gave him a book
5. tritransitive (quadrivalent/quadradic) I bet her a dollar on a horse
How is idiomaticity cognitively created? Explain with an example

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    How is idiomaticity cognitively created? Explainwithanexample
    

Phu are habitually defined as word groups that cannot be freely made up in speech but can only be reproduced as ready mady units. Idiomaticity is a term frequently used to denote the lack of motivation from the point of view of foreign language learners and their mother tongue. For native speakers in most cases the motivation exists or can be easily traced down to culture, authentic texts, etc.
HOW IDIOMATICITY IS CREATED
The study of PhUs, based on sememic analysis of its components, makes it possible to identify cognitive processes that create idiomatic phraseological meanings:
The process of actualization, redemption or rearrangement of sememes of the component words in PhUs is a result of the dynamic cognitive processes of transformation of acquired knowledge: from the concrete to the abstract meanings;
The process of creating a new idiomatic meaning is the product of cognitive processes that are based on our knowledge of the extralinguistic reality.
IDIOMATIC MEANING
The cognitive linguistic treatment of idiomaticity views idioms as products of our conceptual system, not as set expressions that have a certain meaning on the basis of their components, e.g. a white lie, sleeping dogs.
Idiomatic meaning is thus defined as essentially conceptual in nature, based on the correspondences between the two conceptual domains of experience involved in conceptual metaphors.
NATURE OF IDIOMATICITY
Idiomaticity in phraseological units denotes lack of motivation from the point of view of foreign language learner and his/her mother tongue;
For native speakers in most cases motivation might exist or can be easily traced down to culture, history, authentic literature, religious texts, etc.;
Idiomaticity lies in the foundation of systematized knowledge structures. The cognitive world of any person is determined through his/her cognition and life experience, as well as the national language picture of the world.

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