Uzbekistan's New Bilateral Investment Treaty Standpoint: In Case of Uzbekistan-Turkey bit (2018) by F. Muminov and J. Górski About tdm tdm
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Uzbekistan s New Bilateral Investment Tr
Party”. 40 Schreuer 3. 11 As can be seen in this provision, a domestic administrative review procedure is mandatory. However, the duration of such procedure cannot exceed 6 months. Even if the application of MFN is debatable in the case of procedural provisions, the cooling off period could hypothetically be circumvented via MFN. Nonetheless, as already noted, the application of the MFN is excluded from dispute settlement provisions in the Uzbekistan-Turkey BIT, and this is not an option in this case. One can hardly expect that the host country and foreign investor would have a chance to settle disputes through negotiations in less than 6 months . The longer the cooling off period, the more likely the negotiated solution is to be amicable, instead of an attempt by an investor to file claim within a framework of dispute remedies. 41 Furthermore, because of lack of guidelines and international norms, it is difficult for the host country and foreign investor to use this period in a productive way. 42 Meanwhile, typical Uzbekistan BITs contain a cooling off period ranging from 6 months 43 to 2 months. Some Uzbekistan BITs 44 provide foreign investors with an access to international arbitration without a cooling off period. 45 According to with the OECD survey, nearly 9% of dispute settlement clauses include cooling- off periods. 46 Nowadays, there is no consensus as to the nature or legal consequences of the waiting period in the rationale of international investment arbitration awards. The tribunal in the Murphy Exploration & Production Company International vs Ecuador defined the nature of the cooling off period: “Waiting period amounts to something much more serious: an essential mechanism enshrined in many bilateral investment treaties, which compels the parties to make a genuine effort to engage in good faith negotiations before resorting to arbitration.” 47 The tribunal in the Enron vs Argentina case reached a similar conclusion: “Such requirement is in the view of the Tribunal very much a jurisdictional one. A failure to comply with that requirement would result in a determination of lack of jurisdiction.” 48 In contrast, another approach related to the cooling off period is that the foreign investor can bring a case against the host country as long as it can be proved that negotiations have failed between the foreign investor and the host country. The SGS vs Pakistan case is a good 41 Schreuer 4. 42 Wolf von Kumberg, Jeremy Lack and Michael Leathes, ‘Enabling Early Settlement in Investor-State Settlement: The Time to Introduce Mediation Has Come’ (2014) 29 ICSID Review 133-141, 135. 43 Uzbekistan-China BIT (2011) art 12(1); Uzbekistan-Czech BIT (1998) art 8(2); Uzbekistan-Germany BIT (1998) art 12(2); Uzbekistan-Hungary BIT (2003) art 8(2); Uzbekistan – Korea BIT (1997) art 9(2). 44 Uzbekistan – Kazakhstan BIT (1997) art 10(2); Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan BIT (1997) art (10); Uzbekistan – Netherland BIT (1997) art.9. 45 Uzbekistan- Saudi Arabia BIT (2011) art 11; Uzbekistan – Austria BIT (2000) art 12. 46 Joachim Pohl, Kekeletso Mashigo, Alexis Nohen, Dispute Settlement Provisions in International Investment Agreements: A Large Sample Survey, OECD Working Papers on International Investment (OECD Publishing 2012),13. 47 Murphy Exploration & Production Company International vs Ecuador, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/4, para.154. 48 Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation (formerly Enron Corporation) and Ponderosa Assets, L.P. vs Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/3, Decision on Jurisdiction, para.88. 12 illustration of this approach. The tribunal interpreted the cooling off period in the following way: “Tribunals have generally tended to treat the consultation period as directory and procedural rather than as mandatory and jurisdictional in nature. Compliance with such a requirement is, accordingly, not seen as amounting to a condition precedent for the vesting of jurisdiction.” 49 The second approach indicates that the lapse of a certain period is not a prerequisite of an access to international arbitration. On the contrary, it is the result of negotiations that is deemed decisive for assessing whether the cooling off period is still constitutes a valid dilatory demurrer or not. 3.3. Fork in the Road Clause Most investment treaties encompass ISDS provisions allowing the foreign investor to bring a case to international arbitration or the host country’s domestic courts. This type of provision is often referred to as the fork in road clause due to its legal consequences. Namely, once a foreign investor has made a choice of one competent forum, such as the host country’s domestic court, it may be prevented from bringing the case to another potentially competent forum such as international arbitration. The legal consequence of such provisions is that a foreign investor cannot bring a case to international arbitration after it has been submitted to domestic courts. 50 The Uzbekistan-Turkey BIT also grants access to the host country’s domestic courts or international arbitration. Art 10(6) states: ‘Once the investor has submitted the dispute to one or the other of the dispute settlement forums mentioned in paragraph 4 of this Article, the choice of one of these forums shall be final.’ Not all disputes between the host country and the foreign investor are assessed in the scope of the fork in the road clause. The Yukos Universal vs Russia case is a good illustration of how the fork in the road should be interpreted. As a respondent state, Russia claimed that the tribunal had no jurisdiction over the dispute due to Russia’s reservation in the ECT. 51 In response, the foreign investor argued that the ECT’s fork in the road provisions should be assessed based on triple identity test (identity of parties, cause of action and object of the dispute), and further claimed that: “The foreign investor is not seeking to appeal any decision of the Russian courts or asking the Tribunal to determine whether those cases were rightly or wrongly decided as a matter of Russian law. Rather, the foreign investor seeks compensation with respect to certain actions taken by the Russian State that violated the foreign investor’s rights under the Energy Charter Treaty.” 49 SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. vs Islamic Republic of Pakistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/13, para.184. 50 Mariel Dimsey, T he Resolution of International Investment Disputes: Challenges and Solutions (Eleven International Publishing 2008) 81. 51 In accordance with Annex ID of ECT “Claimant or persons who control Claimant or who are under common control with Claimant have previously submitted the matters complained of in the Statement of Claim to the Russian courts and the European Court of Human Right”. 13 The tribunal dismissed Russia’s arguments and agreed with the foreign investor that the investor: “it does not appeal from any decision of the Russian courts or seek to have determined by the present Tribunal whether any of those cases was rightly or wrongly decided as a matter of Russian law.” 52 It follows that the legal consequences of domestic-law claims or contractual claims differ from treaty claims. If the foreign investor recourses to domestic courts based on treaty claims as well as domestic law claims, it would lose access to international arbitration. 53 However, the consequence of the fork in the road clause may arise provided that the dispute between the same parties is brought to the host country’s domestic courts before resourcing to international arbitration. Download 0.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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