Vascular plants of west-central Montana-identification guidebook


Armed.  Exposed surface having thorns, prickles, or spines. Aromatic


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Armed.  Exposed surface having thorns, prickles,

or spines.



Aromatic.  Giving off a strong, usually agreeable odor.

Ascending.  Rising/growing upward at an oblique angle

relative to structure to which attached.



Awl-shaped.  A cylinder tapering at one end.

Awn.  A slender, stiff, and generally terminal bristle.

Axil.  The angle formed at intersection of two structures,

usually referring to the junction of petiole with stem.



Axillary.  Located in axil of structure named.

Banner.  The upper, medial, and usually enlarged

(largest) petal of pea family (Fabaceae) flowers.



Beak.  A prolonged, slender, and tapering projection.

Bearded.  Set with hairs, usually stiff ones.

Berry.  Strictly defined, a fleshy or pulpy fruit developed

from a single ovary with more than one seed, such as a

grape or blueberry; loosely applied to any fleshy or juicy

fruit.


Bi-.  Prefix denoting two or twice.

Biennial.  Plant completing its life cycle in two growing

seasons; usually forming basal rosette 1st season and

flowering in the 2nd.

Bisexual.  Flower with both stamens and pistil.

Blade.  A leaf ’s flat, expanded portion, distinguished

from the petiole.



Boreal.  Of or pertaining to forests and tundra of the

North Temperate and Arctic regions.



Bract.  Modified, usually reduced leaf, mostly associated

with the flower or inflorescence.



Bracteate.  Having bracts.

Bud.  Growing tip of a stem or branch or in leaf axil;

usually dormant and scale covered.



Bud-scale.  Scalelike modified leaf covering a dormant

bud.


Bulb.  Underground organ constituted mostly of fleshy

storage leaves and scale covered, as in onions.



Bulbil.  Small, bulblike organ for vegetative repro-

duction, usually in leaf axil in place of a flower.



Bundle scar.  Minute traces within leaf scar where

vascular bundles passed from stem or branch to the

petiole.

Caespitose (or cespitose).  Growing in dense, usually

low tufts.



Calcareous.  Limey, with high concentrations of calcium

carbonate.



Calyx.  A flower’s sepals considered as a unit.

Capillary.  Hair- or threadlike.

Capsule.  A dry fruit of more than one carpel that splits

along regular lines.



Carpel.  The modified foliar unit of angiosperms which

bears ovules; a pistil is composed of one or more carpels.



Catkin.  In willows, birches, and alders, an elongate,

pendulous or conelike flower cluster with minute

flowers that lack, or nearly so, petals and sepals.

Caudex.  A short, mostly vertical, persistent stem at, or

just below, the ground surface from which new stems

arise yearly.

Cauline.  On the stem.

Chaff.  Thin, dry scales.

Circumboreal.  Plant occurring in lands encircling

North Pole.



Clasping.  Partly surrounding the stem.

Cleft.  Cut midway, or slightly deeper, to the base or

midrib.


Compound (leaf).  One which is divided into two or

more distinct leaflets.



Concave.  With a hollowed out surface, like the inner

surface of a bowl.



Cone.  A dense cluster of modified, leaflike organs bear-

ing pollen, spores, or seeds as in the horsetails, club

mosses, and conifers (pine cone).

Cone scale.  The modified leaf- or bractlike organs of

conifer cones, upon which are borne the seeds.



Convex.  With a surface that curves outward from

viewer’s perspective, like outer surface of a bowl.



Cordate.  A stylized heart-shape, with the point at the

apex and notch at the base.



Corolla.  All the petals considered as a unit.

Corrugated.  Surface with many folds or wrinkles.

Cotyledon.  An embryonic leaf of a seed’s embryo that

often expands at germination.



Crown.  In herbaceous perennials, the persistent base or

top portion of root; the topmost leafy portion of a tree.



Culm.  The stem of a grass or sedge.

Deciduous.  Falling off once a year, especially at end of

growing season.



Decumbent.  With the base prostrate or gently up-

curving and tips erect or ascending.



Dehiscent.  Opening along predesignated lines.

Determinate (inflorescence).  One in which the termi-

nal flower opens first and stops further growth of the

axis.

Dioecious.  Having male and female flowers or cones

borne on separate plants.



Disk.  In Asteraceae, the central portion of the head

giving rise to the disk flowers.



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Disk flower.  In Asteraceae, the flowers with slender,

tubular corollas at central part of the head.



Dissected.  Divided into multiple lobes or segments.

Distal.  Positioned toward tip or end opposite attachment

point.


Dorsiventral.  The direction in which leaves are com-

monly flattened, distinguished from lateral flattening.



Elliptic.  Widest at the middle and tapering to both ends.

Emergent.  With lower portion in the water, the upper

portion extending out.



Endemic.  Found only within a circumscribed geographic

area.


Entire.  With margins not cleft, cut, or otherwise toothed.

Epidermis.  The outermost cell layer of plant organs.

Ephemeral.  Lasting for only a short time.

Exserted.  Projecting beyond an enveloping structure, as

stamens from a corolla.



Family.  A grouping of related genera.

Fertile.  Describing organs associated with the produc-

tion of spores, pollen, or seed in distinction to similar

ones that do not.

Fibrous rooted.  With several to numerous branch roots

all about the same size, lacking a larger central axis.



Filament (of stamen).  The thin stalk of a stamen, the

tip of which bears the anther.



Floral tube.  A tubelike structure consisting of the fused

lower portions of the sepals, petals, and stamens.



Floret.  A little flower, one of a definite cluster; in

Poaceae, the highly modified flower consisting of

lemma and palea and enclosed stamens and pistil (if

fertile).



Foliaceous.  With leaflike texture.

Frond.  The leaf of a fern.

Fruit.  Mature ovary, including attached external

structures and enclosed seeds.



Galea.  The hoodlike, usually elongated upper portion of

the perianth of certain species, as in the upper corolla

lip of Castilleja spp.

Genus (pl. genera).  A grouping of related species.

Glabrous.  Smooth, lacking hairs.

Gland.  A location on an organ’s surface or expanded tip

of hair which secrets minute, sticky drops.



Glandular.  Having secretory structures, especially

hairs.


Glaucous.  Having a fine, waxy, easily wiped-off powder

that results in surfaces with a whitish or bluish cast.



Globose.  Shape approaching that of a sphere or globe.

Glume.  One of usually two chafflike bracts located at the

base of a grass spikelet subtending the aggregate of

florets, not individual floret.

Gymnosperm.  A member of the plant group charac-

terized as having ovules not enclosed in an ovary.



Habit.  The general appearance or growth form of a

plant.


Habitat.  The environmental conditions or kind of place

in which a plant grows.



Head.  Type of inflorescence with mostly sessile flowers

densely set on a very short axis or disk, thus having a

round outline.  A terminal collection of flowers sur-

rounded by an involucre (Compositae!).



Herb.  Plant with the aerial portion nonwoody, dying

back to ground at end of growing season.



Herbaceous.  Not woody, dying back at end of growing

season; leaflike in texture and color.



Hirsute.  Having coarse, stiff, but not sharp-pointed

hairs.


Host.  The plant from which parasite obtains nutrients.

Hypanthium.  Tube or cup around ovary formed by the

fusion of the lower parts of the calyx, corolla, and

androecium; if petals and stamens look to arise from

calyx tube then the hypanthium is that portion of the

tube below the petals’ insertion.

Indeterminate (inflorescence).  Not terminating in a

flower and continuing to grow at the apex.



Indihiscent.  Not normally opening, at least not along

regular or predetermined lines.



Indusium.  In certain ferns a thin, membraneous epi-

dermal flap or folded leaf margin that covers a sorus.



Inferior ovary.  Ovary that has floral tube fused to its

top.


Inflorescence.  The flowering portion of a plant or the

arrangement of flowers along the axis.



Internode.  That part of a stem between two adjacent

nodes (points of leaf or branch origin).



Involucre.  Any set of structures that surround the base

of another structure, usually bracts or microphylls

attached below a flower(s).

Irregular (flower).  Characterized by bilatal symmetry,

that is, can be divided into two equal parts in only one

plane.

Jointed.  With conspicuous or swollen nodes or points of

articulation.



Keel.  A prominent, longitudinal ridge; in Fabaceae the

boat-shaped structure formed from partial fusion of two

lower petals.

Lanceolate.  Lance-shaped, that is, widest at base, with

straight sides long-tapering to a point.



Leaflet.  One of several distinct portions of a compound

leaf.


Leaf scar.  Following a leaf’s abcission, the trace left on

stem or branch just below the bud.



Legume.  Member of Fabaceae; dry fruit of this family

form a single carpel opening along two sutures (lines of

fusion).

Lemma.  One of two (lemma and palea) bractlike struc-

tures subtending the individual flowers (florets) of grass

spikelets; the one on the side away from main axis.

Ligulate (inflorescence).  In Asteraceae, a head

possessing only ray (ligulate) flowers.



Ligule.  In graminoids, a small, erect projection or fringe,

which is a continuation of the sheath; located at the

junction of blade and sheath.

Linear.  Long and narrow with nearly parallel margins.

Lip.  The prominent lower portion of a flower, as the

lower petal of orchids.



Lobe.  Any projecting segment of an organ, usually part

of leaf blade, with sinuses to either side.



Megasporangium.  Receptacle containing megaspores.

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Megaspore.  The larger of two spore sizes produced by

some plants.



Membranous.  Thin, flexible, usually whitish and

translucent.



Mesic.  Defining position near middle of inferred mois-

ture gradient, neither very moist nor dry.



Monoecious.  Having unisexual flowers, both sexes

borne on the same plant.



Mycorrhiza.  The symbiotic combination of a fungus and

a plant root.



Naked.  Lacking various organs or appendages, as a

naked flower lacking a perianth.



Nerve.  A prominent vein of leaves or other organs.

Node.  A joint or point of origin for leaves or branches.

Nut.  A dry, hard-walled and indehiscent fruit, generally

with one seed.



Ob-.  Prefix meaning in a reverse direction or

upside-down.



Oblanceolate.  Lance-shaped, broadest at the tip and

tapering, almost to a point at the base.



Oblong.  Longer than wide in outline, with somewhat

parallel margins.



Obovate.  Egg-shaped in outline (flat organs), with the

widest point near the apex.



Obtuse.  Blunt; the sides converging at an angle of >90

degrees.


Opposite.  Nodes having two leaves or branches set

directly across from each other.



Orbicular.  With a circular outline.

Oval.  Outline broadly elliptic, widest at the middle.

Ovary.  That part of the pistil containing ovules, and

later in development, the seeds.



Ovate.  Egg-shaped in outline.

Ovule.  One of numerous small structures in ovary

(flowering plants) or female cone (conifers) that,

following fertilization, develops into a seed.

Palea.  The uppermost and main axis-facing of paired

bractlike structures subtending the individual flowers

(florets) of grass spikelets.

Panicle.  Indeterminate inflorescence in which from each

stalk arising from the main axis nodes there is borne

more than one flower.

Pappus.  In Asteraceae, the highly modified calyx

composed of scales, bristles, awns, or short crown at

achene tip.

Pedicel.  Stalk of an individual flower.

Peduncle.  Stalk of an inflorescence (flower cluster) or

individual flower when only one per plant.



Pendant.  Drooping or hanging.

Perennial.  Plant with potential to live more than

2 years.


Perfect flower.  Having both female (pistil) and male

(stamen) parts.



Perianth.  Corolla and calyx considered collectively.

Perigynium (plural perigynia).  Sheath or sac-like

structure, unique to Carex and Kobresia spp., enclosing

ovary and fruit.

Petal.  A member of the whorl of floral organs, usually

the most showy, just interior to the sepals and below

the stamens.

Petiole.  Stalk of leaf, as distinguished from the blade

thereof.


Pinnate.  Having 2 rows of lateral appendages (lobes,

leaflets, etc.) distributed along a central axis.



Pistil.  Organ formed from the combination of ovary,

style, and stigma.



Pistillate.  Having pistils but lacking stamens.

Pith.  Spongy tissue at stem center.

Pod.  Any kind of dry, dehiscent fruit, especially that of

Fabaceae.



Pollen.  Dustlike, usually yellow, cells produced in anther

(flowering plants) or microsporangia (gymnosperms).



Pollen cone.  The male, pollen-producing cone of

gymnosperms.



Prickle.  A sharp, stiff outgrowth of epidermal layer.

Prostrate.  Lying flat on the ground.

Pubescent.  Set with hair of any kind.

Raceme.  Indeterminate inflorescence type with single

and stalked flowers arrayed along main unbranched

axis.

Radial symmetry.  Capable of being divided through the

center by into two mirror images by at least two planes

of symmetry.

Radiate.  Condition in Asteraceae of having the head’s

marginal flowers be ligulate and those of the center be

tubular.

Ray (flowers).  In Asteraceae the ligulate flowers

attached to the disk.



Receptacle.  The common, usually expanded point of

attachment of floral organs; in Asteraceae the enlarged

stem tip to which the head is attached.

Recurved.  Curved back- or downward.

Reflexed.  With an abrupt back- or downward bend.

Regular flower.  One in which all the members

of each set of parts are similar in size and shape;

radially symmetrical, that is, divisible into two mirror

halves in at least two planes.



Rhizomatous.  Possessing rhizomes.

Rhizome.  A creeping, underground, and generally hori-

zontally oriented stem.



Ribbed.  Having prominently raised veins or nerves.

Root.  Underground part of plant that lacks nodes,

leaves, and scales.



Rootstalk.  Underground, creeping stem.

Rosette.  A dense, usually basal, cluster of leaves radi-

ating in all directions from stem.



Rotund.  Round or rounded.

Runner.  A slender, prostrate stem that roots at the

nodes or tip.



Saprophyte.  A plant with little or no chlorophyll and so

obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter by a root

association with a fungus.

Scabrous.  Rough to the touch from having very short

and stiff hairs.



Scale.  Any small, thin, and flat structure.

Seed.  A mature ovule which following germination gives

rise to new plant.



Seed cone.  The female, seed-producing cone of conifers.

Sepal.  One of a whorl of typically green or greenish,

leaflike, floral organs originating below the petals.



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Sessile.  Lacking a stalk.

Sheath.  Generally a tubular structure that partly or

wholly surrounds a plant part; specifically in the grass,

rush, and sedge families, the lower stem-clasping

portion of a leaf.



Shrub.  Woody plant (sometimes only at base), generally

with several stems originating from the base.



Simple.  Unbranched, undivided, or single.

Sorus.  In ferns, a cluster of sporangia.

Spike.  An inflorescence type with stalkless (sessile)

flowers arrayed along a main axis.



Spikelet.  In the grasses, the smallest unit of a flower

cluster, consisting of one to multiple florets (flowers)

and their subtending glumes (usual case).

Spine.  Uncritically, any structure having the appearance

of a true spine, which is a slender, sharp-tipped struc-

ture derived from a modified leaf or stipule.

Sporangium.  Sac-like container in ferns and allied taxa

within which spores are produced.



Spore.  Especially in ferns and allied taxa, a simple,

usually one-celled and wind-dispersed reproductive

structure.

Stamen.  The male organ (pollen producing) of a flower,

including anther sacs and supporting filament.



Staminate.   Having stamens but lacking pistil (female

portion).



Standard.  Another term for the banner (large, upper,

median petal) of the pea family (Fabaceae).



Stem.  A main axis of a plant, ranging from upright to

trailing, above ground or below; differentiated from

roots by having nodes, buds, or scales.

Sterile.  Lacking reproductive structures.

Stigma.  The terminal, pollen-receiving and usually

sticky portion of pistil.



Stipule.  An appendage, gland- to leaflike, at the junction

of petiole with stem.



Stolon.  An elongate stem that grows along ground and

roots at the nodes.



Striate.  Having fine, mutually parallel groves, streaks,

or lines.



Style.  The typically slender portion of the pistil

connecting ovary to stigma.



Sub-.  Prefix indicating almost, nearly, or under.

Subtend.  To be borne directly below and close to, as a

leaf subtending its axillary bud.



Succulent.  Condition of being thick, fleshy, and juicy.

Superior ovary.  One having the perianth parts

originating directly below it.



Surpass.  To go beyond or exceed.

Symbols.  <, less than quantity to right of symbol; >,

more than quantity to the right of symbol.



Taxon (plural taxa).  Any taxonomic entity, regardless

of rank (for example, variety, species or family).



Talus.  A slope of rock rubble, usually at cliff face.

Taproot.  The primary plant root which is considerably

larger than any other root system branches.



Teeth.  Short, rounded, or pointed projection (as on leaf

margin).


Tendril.  A slender, clasping outgrowth of the leaf or

stem that twines about contacted structures, gaining

support for climbing plants.

Tepal.  A perianth part when the perianth is not clearly

differentiated into calyx and corolla.



Thorn.  A stout, rigid, woody and sharp-pointed modified

stem.


Three-ranked.  Originating in threes from a common

point or level.



Throat (of corolla).  That portion of the corolla at the

junction of the limb and tube of united corolla that is

somewhat wider than the tube itself.

Toothed.  Bearing teeth.

Trailing.  Said of prostrate stems that do not root.

Translucent.  Readily transmitting light but not

sufficiently thin to see through.



Turion.  A small, scaly, bulblike offshoot in some spp. of

Epilobium.

Twining.  Growth mode of partly creeping and partly

coiling and climbing on other objects.



Umbel.  A type of inflorescence with numerous stalked

flowers that appear to radiate/ascend from a single

point.

Unisexual (flower).  Possessing either stamens or pistil,

but not both.



Urn shape.  Ovoid and with a small opening at the tip.

Valve.  One of the two or more portions into which a

capsule or pod separates at maturity.



Vascular.  Concerned with conduction of water and

nutrients, as vascular plants being those with xylem

and phloem.

Vegetative.  That portion of the plant not producing

reproductive structures like cones or flowers.



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