Xolmurodov. J o’qtuvchi: Eshmatov. S brendingning Huquqiy Asoslari

Land boundaries
total: 1,770 km border countries (5): Austria 158 km; France 525 km; Italy 698 km; Liechtenstein 41 km; Germany 348 km

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries

Soil conditions and agriculture reflect the diversity of Switzerland’s climate and geologic structure. The major soil groups consist of gray-brown podzolic soils and brown forest soils, loess, glacial drift, and alluvium in the Mittelland; brown forest soils, rendzinas, and the heavier glacial clays in the Jura valleys; and the lithosol and podzolized soils of the high Alps.

Energy sector

The Swiss energy sector is highly decentralised and comprises three levels of organisation and decision-making: federal, cantonal, and municipal. The federal state addresses energy issues at a national level such as carbon taxation, nuclear energy, energy efficiencies standards, oil, and gas infrastructures as well as the power transmission grid

1st
lowest energy intensity at PPP in Europe.
39 TWh
of additional renewable generation by 2050.
99%
share of carbon free electricity in the power mix.

Oil:

Of total oil imports, 72% are made directly in the form of refined products (6.1 Mt in 2021) and 28% in the form of crude oil (2.3 Mt), which is processed in the Cressier refinery.

In 2021, 39% of crude oil imports came from Nigeria, 32% from the US, and 25% from Libya (+13 pp). Nearly 60% of the refined oil products are imported from Germany (+7 pp).

Electricity:

The electricity sector is highly fragmented, with 900 companies, the vast majority of which are publicly owned (more than 85% of the capital of power utilities is held by the cantons and towns). The three most important vertically integrated companies (Überlandwerke) are Alpiq, Axpo and BKW.

Electricity prices for industry declined by 2.3%/year between 2016 and 2020, but rebounded by 4.7% in 2021 to 11.5c/kWh. Electricity prices for households have been increasing by 1.2%: year since 2010, reaching €19.85c/kWh in 2021.