Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети II инглиз филологияси факультети

 
Questions for self-control: 
1. What is a smile and what is logical comparison? 
2. What is foundation of the smile? 
3. What is trite simile? Give examples? 
4. What is semantic groupings of simile? 
5. What are the main functions of a simile? 
6. What are semantic types of periphrasis? 
7. What are the main stylistic functions of periphrasis? 
 
List of recommended literature: 
1. Galperin I.R. “Stylistics” M., 1977 
2. Kukharenko V.A. “A book of practice in stylistics” M., 1986 
3. Арнольд И.В. «Стилистика современного английского языка» М., 1990 
4. Бобохонова Л.Т. «Инглиз тили стилистикаси» Тошкент, «Укитувчи» 1995 
 
 
LECTURE VIII 
Problems for discussion: 
1 Definition, semantics, structure of Litotes. 
2. Definition, structure, semantic, functions of Antithesis. 
3. Definition, structure, semantic, functions of Gradation. 
4. The nature of Represented Speech. 
Litotes 
Litotes is a stylistic device based on peculiar use of negative constructions. In Litotes a negative 
syntactical form is used to convey a positive assertion, for example: 
e.g. « He is not a silly man « (for he is a clever man ) He is no coward (for He is a brave man ). 
So the negative meaning in litotes should not be regarded as a mere denial of the quality mentioned. 
The following main structural types of litotes may be pointed out: 
1. A negative particle plus a word with a negative prefix.
e.g.
It is not uncommon - common He is not unwilling - willing 
She was not unaware. He was laughing at Lottie but not unkindly. 
5. A negative particle plus a word with an implied negative meaning: 
e.g. He is no fool, no coward 
3. A negative particle plus a word combination having an implied negative meaning: 
e.g. not without doubt; not without vanity; not for nothing 

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In litotes there are two negatives, and these two negatives establish a positive feature in a person 
or thing. But the result in litotes differs from the expression of the same ideas in an affirmation sentence. 
Thus “not without doubt” is not exactly the same as “with doubt”. 
Litotes does not only express a positive statement in a negative form, but it produces a certain 
stylistic effect, making the utterance either less categorical or more ironical: 
Soames, with his lips and his square chin was not unlike a bulldog. (Golsthworthy) 
Litotes is used in the belles - lettres style, publicistic and newspaper style.