1. lexical problems of translation lexical problems

1. LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION
Lexical problems
The meaning of any word in the text cannot be understood and translated without due regard to the specific context in which it is actualized.
Lexical problems
Some words, however, are less sensitive to the contextual influence than others.
There are words with definite meanings, which are retained in most contexts, and are relatively context-free.
2. In the previous exposition, we used the term «linguistic theory of translation» several times. In this connection, it becomes necessary to clarify, firstly, on what basis the theory of translation belongs to the number of linguistic disciplines; Secondly, are there any other approaches to the problems of translation theory other than linguistics? Thirdly, what place does the linguistic theory of translation occupy among other branches of the science of language. In the translation process, the text in one language (IJ) is converted into text in another language (AJ) while maintaining the unchanged content plan, that is, the value or, more precisely, the set of values expressed in the source text. In order to fulfill its task, namely, to reflect the essential laws of translation, the theory of translation must first establish coincidences and discrepancies in the ways of expressing identical values in the IW and in the PY and on this basis reveal the most typical ways of overcoming these discrepancies («translation techniques»). In essence, such a task is linguistic, and the theory of translation, which poses such a task, can not be anything else but a linguistic discipline.

3. Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT[1] (not to be confused with computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation or interactive translation), is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.

On a basic level, MT performs mechanical substitution of words in one language for words in another, but that alone rarely produces a good translation because recognition of whole phrases and their closest counterparts in the target language is needed. Not all words in one language have equivalent words in another language, and many words have more than one meaning.
Solving this problem with corpus statistical and neural techniques is a rapidly growing field that is leading to better translations, handling differences in linguistic typology, translation of idioms, and the isolation of anomalies.
4. Learning languages is the process which involves not only linguistic peculiarities and features, but comparativeness and divisions among language families. We should like to mention that we can put the line “translation” into the consideration as to let some points in both languages be transferred.
Consequently, there is a new branch of Human sciences. This is Translation theory and Practice. As you see, translation has its own theory, referred to theoretical approaches and grammatical rules.
In any translation, the most important thing is to attain the main meaning from one language into another with the help of interlinguistic, grammatical, lexical and syntactic transformations.
Translating is what we are in the process of transposing words with varieties of one language into another one. It is never a mere transference of finding like or identical, similar or the same approximate correspondence in the target language and vice versa. That’s why translation is here tied to transformations.
Grammatical transformations consist of substitution, transposition, omission and supplementation .They help to come up with the main meaning.
5. Words in language are related to certain referents which they designate and to other words of the same language with which they make up syntactic units. These relationships are called semantic and syntactic, respectively. Words are also related to the people who use them. To the users of the language its words are not just indifferent, unemotional labels of objects or ideas. The people develop a certain attitude to the words they use. Some of the words acquire definite implications, they evoke a positive or negative response, they are associated with certain theories, beliefs, likes or dislikes. There are “noble” words like “honour, dignity, freedom“, etc. and “low” words like “infamy, cowardice, betrayal”. Words can be nice or ugly, attractive or repulsive. Such relationships between the word and its users are called “pragmatic”.
The pragmatic implications of a word are an important part of its meaning that produces a certain effect upon the Receptor. Of even greater significance is the pragmatic aspect of speech units. Every act of speech communication is meant for a certain Receptor, it is aimed at producing a certain effect upon him. In this respect any communication is an exercise in pragmatics.