Background > 50,000 students, parents, educators Student Letters
Brick Public School District Brick, NJ Brookside Upper Elem School Westwood , NJ Central High School Davenport , IA Colonial Middle School Plymouth Meeting, PA Cunningham Elementary School Vineland , NJ Dennis Twp Elem. School Dennis Township , NJ Dionne Warwick Institute East Orange , NJ Drum Point Elementary Brick, NJ East High School Des Moines , IA Eisenhower Middle School Bridgewater , NJ Evergreen Ave. School Woodbury , NJ Florham Parks School District Florham Parks , NJ Gloucester Twp Middle Sch. Gloucester Twp , NJ Jersey City Public Schools Jersey City , NJ Kittatinny Regional High School Newton , NJ Lakeside Middle School Pompton Lakes , NJ Lincoln-Hubbard Elem School Summit , NJ Lindenwold High School Lindenwold , NJ Mary Bray School Mt. Ephraim , NJ Southern Reg. Middle School Manahawkin ,NJ
Memorial Middle School Willingboro , NJ Fountain Woods Elementary School Burlington, NJ William Annin Middle School Basking Ridge, NJ Carl Sandburg Middle School Matawan, NJ Raymond Kershaw School Mount Ephraim, NJ Waterford Township Elementary Waterford, NJ Holly Hills Elementary Westampton, NJ Brimm Medical Arts High School Camden, NJ Walnut St. Elementary Woodbury, NJ Midstreams Elementary School Brick, NJ Lakewood High School Lakewood, NJ Boone Middle School Haines City, FL
Part I - Epidemiology
- Defining bullying
- Why is it important to discuss?
Part II Part III - How do we help our patients?
What percent of middle/high school students have experienced bullying?¹ a) 10% b) 25% c) 33%
- What percent of school-age bullies end up with criminal records?
-
- a) 15% b) 20% c) 25%
25% - The National Resource Center for Safe Schools reports that by age eight, bullies are:
- 1) 6 times more likely than non-bullies to be convicted of a crime by age 24
- 2) 5 times more likely to have serious criminal records by age 30.
How many students nationwide skip school on any given day to avoid being teased or picked on?¹ a) 20,000 b) 80,000 c)160,000
Epidemiology Epidemiology Defining Bullying Why is Bullying Important to Discuss?
“Boys will be boys…?” Bullying = Rite of Passage? Bullying has negative consequences for all involved
In 1999, the US Dept of Education estimated that almost 1 million students 12-18 years of age were afraid of being attacked or harmed in the school vicinity during the previous six months.
- “The act of threatening to hurt or frighten someone. It may be physical, verbal, emotional, or sexual in nature”¹
- (emotional bullying= rejection, humiliation, exclusion, ranking based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and isolation)
- Imbalance of power²
- Repetitive
DSM IV- Criteria for Conduct Disorder - Repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which either the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated
- Aggression to people and animals
- 1) often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
- 2) often initiates physical fights
- 3) Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others
Physical: Kicking, hitting, punching (boys) Emotional: exclusion, gossiping, silent treatment, slandering reputation, self-esteem attacks, “if you’re my friend, you can’t be her friend.” (girls) Cyberbullying: Facebook, email, MySpace, Cell phones: 3rd graders, 5000 text messages
- Bullies
- Victims
- Bully-Victims
- Bystanders
1) “Boys will be boys?” - Emotional, Safety, Academic, Health consequences 2) Bullying behaviors are detrimental to bullies, victims and bully-victims.
1) Emotional Impact - Talk shows
- Effect on adults
- Effect on children, #1
2) Safety - In 2000, the US Secret Service reported that 2/3 of all school shootings in the last decade have occurred by an attacker who felt “bullied, attacked, threatened, or persecuted.”¹
2) Safety, cont’d - From 1994-1999, 220 school associated violent deaths occurred in the US. 172 were committed by students; these students were 2.6 times more likely to have been bullied than their victims.²
2) Safety, cont’d - Suicide is 3rd leading cause of death among teens
- “Bullycide”
- A study involving 2,342 high school students demonstrated that bullies and victims were at a higher risk for depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than those not involved.¹
2) Safety, cont’d - Teen Violence: Columbine, Teen burned
3) Academic Performance - A study of 204 Midwestern American middle / high school students found that 90% said they had a drop in grades…as a result of bullying¹.
- A small study conducted in elementary schools (Stanford Achievement Test scores found a significant association between low scores and being a victim of bullying².
3) Academic Performance cont’d - A study surveying 3,530 third, fourth, and fifth grade students found that victims and bully-victims had achievement scores significantly lower than those of bystanders… and would endorse cheating if they could get away with it compared to bystanders¹.
4) Health - Victims
- Psychosomatic complaints, experience social distress, marginalization and low self esteem.
- A study of 2766 students age 9-12 years old showed that victims were at greater risk for aggression, headache, sleeping problems, abdominal pain, bedwetting, feeling tired, anxiety, and depression than children not involved in bullying¹.
- Substance Abuse
4) Health, cont’d - Bullies
- Increased anger, poor interpersonal relationships and poor quality of life.¹ Reports of depression.
- A 2002 study published in JAMA examined bullying among 6th-10th graders and found that bullies were more likely to drink and smoke.
- 4) Health cont’d
- Bully-Victims
- High Risk
- Most likely to display conduct problems, be least engaged in school, socially ostracized by peers and be lonely.¹ They are also noted to have psychosomatic complaints.
4) Health, cont’d - A study of 2,540 boys in Finland followed bullies, victims and bully-victims from 8 years old until 18-23 years old.
Bullies, victims and bully-victims experience long-term consequences.
Studies; Self-reporting Crossover between categories: bully, victim, bully-victim Crossover: Characteristics - Study of 1,985 predominantly Latino and Black 6th graders
“Bullying: Stories from Our Young People” “The In-Crowd and Social Cruelty” - (shown with permission from Films for the Humanities and Sciences)
How Do We Help Our Patients?
According to a 2004 American Family Physician article, “there is no one accepted psychological profile or assessment method to predict bullying behavior.¹”
- 1) Identify risk factors for violence
- 2) Ask children about bullying
- 3) Understand barriers
- 4) Talk with parents about bullying
- 5) Refer appropriately
- 6) Involve the School
- 7) Become advocates
1) Identify Risk Factors for Violence - Hx of mental illness, domestic violence, substance abuse
- Family stressors
- Level of supervision and support systems
- Exposure to violence in the home or community
- Access to firearms
- Presence or signs of poor self-esteem or depression
- Poor school performance, physical, emotional or developmental disabilities
2) Ask children about bullying - During routine physical exams
- When psychosomatic complaints are present (from child or parent).
- When a child has problems at school
- When a child shows signs of depression/ anxiety
- When parents have concerns
- Assess for bullies, victims and bully-victims.
- Questions to ask:
- Have you ever been teased in school?
- What kinds of things do others tease you about?
- What do you do when others pick on you?
- Have you ever told your teacher or other adult? What happened?
- Do you know of others who have been teased?
- At recess, do you usually play with other children or by yourself?
- Questions to ask, cont’d
- Do you tease or make fun of others?
- Do you ever hit or push others?
- Why do you act this way towards others?
- What do you do when you seen others being teased or picked on?
4) Talk with Parents about bullying
5) Refer appropriately: - Mental Health Services:
- Psychiatry, Counseling, Family Therapy
- Social Work
- School Interventions
- 6) Involve the School
- Bullying laws
- > 40 states
- The Safe Schools Reporting Act of 2005 requires the Maryland State Department of Education to require reporting of bullying incidents against students in public schools.
- Maryland’s Model Anti-Bullying, Harassment, and Intimidation Policy requires school systems to submit copies of their anti-bullying policies to the State Superintendent for review.
- School-wide Programs
- Dan Olweus
- Lack of standard evaluation practices
- 7) Be an advocate
- http://stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov
- www.aap.org/connectedkids
- www.safeyouth.org
- Public Awareness Campaigns
- Hope, #9
Thank you jcaudle@lifebridgehealth.org www.jennifercaudle.com
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