Cognitive factors in LL; Inductive and deductive reasoning I lesson 5 Nizomova nigora Nadirovna

Cognitive factors in LL; Inductive and deductive reasoning I Lesson 5

Nizomova nigora Nadirovna

Deductive and Inductive Approaches

• Deductive and inductive approaches derive from deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning applies a general to particular instances as opposed to inductive reasoning, which involves inference from the particular to the general. Thus, Language learning is deductive when teachers explicitly present the rule, which is later applied by students in practice tasks. In inductive language learning, however, the rules are worked out from exposure to the language in use.

Deductive	Inductive
General to particular	particular to general
Explicit	Implicit
Rules first	Exposure to language first
Rule-driven learning	Rule-discovery learning
Cognitive	Associative
Conscious	Subconscious
Application of rules	Problem-solving
Teacher-centered	Learner-centered
Dependent on the teacher	Autonomous

Inductive reasoning

• Starts with facts and details and moves to a general conclusion
• Is probabilistic (is based on probability)
• The conclusions can be strong or weak
• Can be proved false
• Example;
• We have seen 30 white swans. Therefore, all swans are white

Deductive reasoning

• Starts explains the facts, details and examples with a conclusion
• Links premises with conclusions
• If all premises are true and clear, the conclusion must also be true
• Example: All dogs are mammals. All mammals have hearts. All dogs must have hearts