Culture is "present" literally in all spheres of human life. So, they talk about the political, legal, philosophical culture of the individual, about the socio-cultural space, about cultural policy, etc

Culture is "present" literally in all spheres of human life. So, they talk about the political, legal, philosophical culture of the individual, about the socio-cultural space, about cultural policy, etc.

The phenomenon of culture literally "permeates" the entire social and spiritual life of society. In the conditions of a moral and spiritual crisis that gripped society, culture, in fact, can be the factor that is able to consolidate society on new ideological and moral values.

What is the cultural phenomenon? Is there such a capacious definition of culture in which all its manifestations would be reflected, "captured"?

To date, there is no such definition. At present, there are more than 400 in both domestic and foreign literature on cultural problems! definitions of culture. It is quite understandable that such a "spread" of opinions does not help to give a single, essential definition of this phenomenon. One definition is given by philosophers, another - by sociologists, the third - by culturologists, etc.

Thus, culture is defined as a set of material and spiritual values, as a unity of certain symbols expressed in language, as the realization of a person's essential forces, as a state of spirituality in society, etc.

Is it possible to give a single, essential definition of the phenomenon of culture? This seems to be quite difficult. And that's why. As mentioned above, culture is "present" literally in all phenomena, aspects of social life, which are very mobile, changeable, and, in turn, require their own explanation.

So now, in connection with information processes in society, the question arises about the information culture of society and the individual, about the inclusion of intelligent systems in various spheres of society, and this already requires other approaches to the analysis of culture. Since the phenomenon of culture is a multifunctional phenomenon, it will be more fruitful when considering it to highlight, analyze real approaches, where in one way or another there would be characteristic features, signs, features of this phenomenon. Consideration of several approaches will allow avoiding subjectivity and arbitrariness in explaining this phenomenon, will allow to more fully cover all the connections and interactions of this phenomenon with others.

First of all, the phenomenon of culture should be considered as a special way of human life. Here - both the unity of the objective and the subjective, and the disclosure in the acts of the very activity of the essential forces of man: knowledge, skills, skills, experience, abilities, etc.

In this case, culture will act as a way of organization and regulation. The very vital activity of a public person, an increase in the level of his public activity. Culture will "guide", regulate this very activity, being a kind of technology.

Culture is also a set of sign systems that have developed in society. Through symbols, signs as values ​​and meanings of culture, communication processes are carried out in society, its social memory and experience are preserved.

In addition, culture is a special world of values. In culture and through culture, ideal-value goals are realized, ideals that are valuable both for an individual person and for humanity as a whole. The totality of material and spiritual values ​​is not only the realization of subject-object relations, but also the definition of ideals, goals and the meaning of life.

But culture is not only values, signs and symbols, but it is also a certain social formation - an institution, as a kind of system, a kind of integrity that does not coincide with nature, regulates people's behavior, determines the norms and roles of their behavior.

Since the bearers of value relations that regulate human life are family, marriage, customs, traditions, language and symbols, culture can also be considered as a set of these social elements that make up the structure of an integral social organism.

Culture can also be viewed as a process of creativity. In the process of creativity, a person improves as an ideological and spiritual subject of culture.

Therefore, the importance of hobbies is increasing. Favorite activity distracts from life's troubles, restores mental balance.

Hobby plays a very important role in human life, contributes to the constant development of personality, the manifestation of individuality. Thanks to him, we find like-minded people, friends with whom there is always something to talk about, those who are worried about the same problems as us.

Depending on temperament, living conditions, upbringing, natural inclinations and social circle, a person chooses a hobby for himself. For many, it is an outlet that supports in difficult life situations, fills existence with new meaning, allows them to express themselves, master new skills, and enrich themselves with additional knowledge.

You can learn a lot about us only knowing the circle interests, favorite hobby. There are lucky people for whom a hobby is a job for which they receive money. This is truly a wonderful option!

The original meaning of the English word hobby, pushed aside by time to the second position marked "outdated.", Is a small horse, a pony, a toy wooden horse. Hence the expression to ride a hobby, which has turned in our language into the well-known phraseological unit “to sit on your skate”. The word "hobby" entered the Russian speech use relatively recently, already in the twentieth century, and for a long time was used as fashionable Anglicism like modern "monitoring", "promotion", etc. They legalized this novelty of the Russian lexicon and entered into explanatory dictionaries only half a century ago, when the horror of the corrupting influence of the West subsided somewhat. The modern edition of the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by SI Ozhegov defines the meaning of the word hobby as follows: "Hobby, a favorite pastime for oneself, at leisure."

It is difficult to say about a hobby on the scale of all mankind better than N. V. Gogol did in his famous poem "Dead Souls". Here is what he writes: “Everyone has their own fervor: in one, the fervor turned to greyhounds; to another it seems that he is a strong lover of music and surprisingly feels all the deep places in it; the third master dines dashingly; the fourth to play a role at least one inch higher than the one assigned to him; the fifth, with a more limited desire, sleeps and daydreams about how to go for a walk with the adjutant wing, parading his friends, acquaintances and even strangers; the sixth is already gifted with such a hand that feels a supernatural desire to break the corner with some ace or two of diamonds, while the seventh's hand is still trying to make order somewhere, to get closer to the personality of the station superintendent or coachmen - in a word, everyone has their own ... "

Indeed, a hobby is impossible without enthusiasm, excitement, passion and even some fanaticism - in a word, without what the classic calls fervor - and passion not vicious, not harmful, but allowed by all moral systems, permitted by law and welcomed by society. If someone visits a brothel or a gambling club every day, this is hardly a "hobby." But when a person is busy collecting stamps or spending vacations and weekends at a ski resort, it is assumed that he will not go to rob a bank or kill fellow citizens. Is this why all modern job search questionnaires contain the column “Your hobby” or “Your favorite occupation”?

A hobby - be it collecting, traveling or eating gourmet dishes - is not just love, an addiction to something, but an active addiction, that is, pouring into an occupation. However, this occupation cannot be the main job, service, profession. Otherwise, it automatically ceases to be a hobby. It is no coincidence that the concept of a hobby is never applied to children, because all activities of a child are equal and equally frivolous (from the point of view of adults). The child does not yet have a "real", "serious", "main" business, that is, there is no main activity or professional status - only against their background, another permanent occupation can be defined as a hobby. So a hobby is always an alternative to a profession. Sometimes, especially if a person does routine work or his duties are heavy for him, it is this property that turns out to be the most important and attractive, and then the hobby sharply contrasts with the profession. For example, Lewis Carroll - or rather, mathematics professor Charles Dodgson - had two big hobbies that have very little to do with mathematics: photography and literature.

But everything in this life is unstable and mobile: there are often cases when a hobby becomes a professional occupation. For example, for a Russian nobleman, musical education was an ordinary thing, and the profession of a musician was almost impossible, and if the passion for music turned out to be serious, then for the time being it could not be perceived otherwise than a hobby. So, Alexander Porfirievich Borodin is a chemist by university education, in this field he built his professional career, and he was engaged in music, as they say, for himself, although quite seriously. The author of "Prince Igor" attended a circle, later called "The Mighty Handful", composed himself and had students, but due to his scientific work he did not have time to finish many works - after the death of the composer, they were completed by his professional successors. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky served in the legal line. And Nikolai Alexandrovich Rimsky-Korsakov was a hereditary sailor, went on a round-the-world trip. Already a recognized master in the world of music, a composition teacher at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, he was at the same time her student in other disciplines, filling the gaps in his musical education. True, the transition from hobby to professional activity does not always end in triumph: let us recall the half-impoverished Spanish hidalgo, whose hobby was reading novels of chivalry ...

Writer and philologist Vladimir Nabokov was passionate about butterflies. He caught them, painted, studied, described and never made a secret out of it. As a result, the butterfly became something of his personal emblem, a trademark. In one of the most famous photographs, the classic of Russian and American literature with a brutal face and a butterfly net in his hand is chasing a butterfly. Another Russian writer, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, like many of his contemporaries, was an avid hunter. The story in "Notes of a Hunter" is conducted in the first person, and thus the writer, in fact, signed his own verdict: even among us, distant descendants, Turgenev is associated with a gun and a spotted dog no less than with a pen and a writing table in Lutovin's office. Hitler's passion for painting is known. The Brezhnev collection of cars is also famous. Knowing about this "enthusiasm" of the head of the sixth part of the globe, the secretary general was kindly presented cars in all the countries he visited (and, as we remember, he was also a great fan of traveling around the world). And his successor, the former head of the KGB, Yu. V. Andropov, wrote lyric poems about love and the Motherland - which, by the way, they knew very well, though not foreign rulers, but their own, Soviet citizens.

That is, if "a habit is second nature," then a hobby is almost a second life. And any person necessarily has this life. On the one hand, he has what he owes. This is his job, his need to earn money, obey the rules and norms of society, live according to the rules. On the other hand, each person does what he wants. He collects stamps and stickers, conquers mountains, enjoys karaoke, composes poetry, plays chess, dreams of finding treasure, writes stories, dances, studies the work of his favorite actor and writer. This is common to everyone - and even to those who are internationally recognized professionally.

Why would the seemingly great Dmitry Mendeleev need a hobby? But no, in his free time from chemistry, he enthusiastically made suitcases. The famous physiologist Ivan Sechenov was fond of music and singing, and even recordings of his singing have been preserved. And our outstanding Russian surgeon Nikolai Sklifosovsky was fond of gardening, bred new varieties of fruits. Plus, he played the cello and made friends with famous composers of that time. And one of Vladimir Vysotsky's hobbies was the tea ceremony: he always brewed it himself - and the shelves in his kitchen were always filled up to the ceiling with cans and boxes of tea.

The battle painter Vasily Vereshchagin collected weapons. His passion is shared by Angelina Jolie, a popular fashion model and actress: she is fond of melee weapons. HG Wells, author of the famous science fiction novels The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds, collected tin soldiers. Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Bill Clinton and Deng Xiaoping were passionate bridge players. And US President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nero went down in history not only as outstanding political leaders of their time, but also as owners of the world's largest vintage collections.

It is interesting to note the fact that the hobbies of prominent people are far removed from their professional activities. Take, for example, the world chess champions Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov: the former collects stamps, the latter is keen on history and chronology. But Lev Tolstoy, Vladimir Lenin, Ernesto Che Guevara - they were passionate fans of chess. Apparently, as much as I would not want to, but I must and can combine it still fails. And on one side of the scale there is always what a person should do, what he has maximally realized himself. On the other side is what he just wants to do.

In his autobiography V. Vysotsky wrote: “If you throw my work on two scales: on one - theater and cinema, television, my performances, and on the other - only work on songs, then, I assure you, the song will outweigh! I must tell you that the song is not a hobby for me, no! My hobby is theater. "

A hobby is a pleasure for yourself. No commitment. With its own rules of the game and the logic of its development. Passion is a world where time loses its hold on you. You and only you are free to dispose of your world, your pleasure, your secret passion.

Nobody forces you, nobody sets the rules of the game, nobody "stands above the soul." You are the master, you are the sorcerer, you are the Aladdin of your own desires. The working day ends, I have to hide in tomorrow, and the time comes - I want, I wish, I thirst. And what happens? A hobby is our secret desire to be ourselves. Show yourself truly. A hobby is the absolute freedom of our "I"

A hobby is a person himself. Perhaps much more than any other aspect of life.

This is exactly the person himself: no lies, lies, figs in his pocket, masks on his face. He gains complete freedom of his I, the sincerity of his true desires, space for creative self-expression. It is this need for a hobby (as a symbol of freedom and creativity) that is one of the most attractive and powerful. A hobby is always a free choice of a person, his personal business and his private life. A person who, in addition to what he is known for, also has a hobby, not only looks more interesting and versatile in the eyes of other people - he seems to come to life in the public view, ceases to be only a name, title, icon. Yeah, they say, here you are so great (famous, smart, rich, cruel ...), and you, brother, have your own innocent passion ... Isn't that why the governor of city N from the already mentioned Gogol poem embroidered on tulle and demonstrated subordinates and guests hand-made graceful wallets? ..