Deforestation and desertification ielts reading answers

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Deforestation and desertification ielts reading answers
How does deforestation affect water quality. How does deforestation contribute to habitat loss.
Clicking on content like buttons will cause content on this page to change. Items will update when they are liked.Kevin Christensen@KevinChristensen697what is the relationship between deforestation and desertification, deforestation and desertification ielts reading answers, why deforestation is responsible for less rain, the effect of deforestation
reading answer A growing human population and runaway consumption are putting unsustainable pressures on the natural resources we depend on for survival.
Our misuse and abuse of land and water is changing fertile land into deserts.The word “desertification” conjures up images of the spread of existing deserts, with tall dunes spilling into villages and farmer’s fields. But it is actually a term that describes the way land can be transformed by climate variation and human activities, including deforestation,
overgrazing (which causes erosion), the cultivation of unsuitable land and other poor land-use management decisions. We see this now in southern Africa, which has already lost at least 25 per cent of its soil fertility. But not only developing countries are at risk. Almost 1 billion tonnes of soil is lost every year because of erosion resulting from poor
land management in Europe alone. Desertification is one of the biggest environmental problems facing humanity and has already affected over 40 per cent of the world’s population of 3.2 billion people.Given that climate change could cause more frequent droughts and that population growth puts more pressure on natural resources, land degradation
is an increasing global threat to food security, a contributor to poverty and a barrier to achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. It is clear that desertification is a problem of global proportions, requiring a unified strategy among all countries. If action is not taken now, desertification will accelerate, resulting in further migration
and conflict.Not all areas are equally at risk of desertification. Drylands, like those in the Karoo of South Africa and the prairies of Canada, are regions where evapotranspiration (the transfer of water from land and plants to the atmosphere) far exceeds precipitation. Under natural conditions, drylands are characterised by slow cycles of changing
climate and vegetation, moving from one stable state to another. More frequent and severe droughts and human disturbances, such as agriculture, grazing and fire, cause more abrupt shifts that can be irreversible.The threat of land degradation is so widely recognized that the UN established the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) nearly
25 years ago, in 1994. It is a legally binding agreement between the partner nations to work together to achieve sustainable land management. All member countries of the UNCCD recently agreed to fight desertification and restore degraded land by 2030. types of instructional technology pdf
On June 17, Ecuador hosted the World Day to Combat Desertification, under the slogan “Land has true value – Invest in it,” and used the occasion to showcase the use of sustainable land management in developing the country’s bio-economy.Despite its initial commitment to combat desertification, Canada withdrew from the UNCCD in 2013. The
reasons were unclear, but it may have been because membership was seen as too costly, without obvious benefits for the environment. The departure left Canada as the only country not party to the agreement.
However, Canada rejoined last year, acknowledging the link between desertification and many of Canada’s development priorities. The factors driving land degradation are interconnected and include population growth and migration, climate change and biodiversity loss.Current rates of global land degradation are in the order of 12 million hectares
per year. And yet food production must increase by up to 70 per cent by 2050 to feed the projected global population of 9.1 billion people. Current land-management practices are clearly unsustainable. The threatened area is so large that halting land degradation and scaling up solutions, from farms and villages to watersheds and continents, requires
globally coordinated solutions. By rejoining the UNCCD, Canada can take its rightful place within a coordinated global effort to combat desertification and strengthen its own efforts nationally.Canada has already cooperated on a regional level with other countries to combat drought and minimise the impacts of reduced agricultural productivity,
wildfires and water shortages. In 2016, for example, when droughts hounded North America, burning Fort McMurray, Alberta and adding to California’s long-running water shortage, Canada cooperated with the United States and Mexico to minimise their impacts. The resulting North American Climate Services Partnership (NACSP) facilitated an
early drought forecasting system and drought impact assessments.In addition, Canada faces its own land degradation challenges. Most people associate dryland regions with a hot and dry climate. However, large parts of the Canadian Prairie provinces – Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba – can be classified as drylands.
They are also enormously important agricultural areas, accounting for 60 per cent of the cropland and 80 per cent of the rangeland in Canada. The Prairies expect to see longer and more intense periods of drought interspersed with major flooding with future climate change. And although North America is one of five regions identified by the UN
as facing relatively fewer challenges related to land compared to the countries most at risk, the region does face significant water stress challenges. The Paris Agreement recognized “safeguarding food security” as an important priority for climate change adaptation, which goes hand-in-hand with combating desertification.The agricultural sector will
play an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change and fighting land degradation. It can protect against drought, flooding, landslides and erosion while maintaining natural vegetation, which helps store carbon in the soil. But agricultural production will also have to become more efficient. It will need to adapt to periods of lower water
availability and take measures to preserve fertile soil. We must also look to how we manage our water resources to help agriculture adapt to climate change and stop desertification.The University of Saskatchewan is currently developing tools that can be used by government and in research to predict and manage the water flow and water quality of
Canada’s large river basins. This will allow water to be managed at the scale of entire river basins and help determine how industry, agriculture and mining can fairly share this limited resource.Canada has, for now, recognized the link between desertification and many of its development priorities, including agriculture, security, water and renewable
energy. But we need to ensure the Canadian government remains committed to combating drought and desertification here and in the rest of the world.
Source: The Conversation. Author: Andrew Slaughter – Visiting professor, University of Saskatchewan, Canada || When it comes to cutting down trees, satellite data reveals a shift from the patterns of the pastA Globally, roughly 13 million hectares of forest are destroyed each year. Such deforestation has long been driven by farmers desperate to
earn a living or by loggers building new roads into pristine forest. But now new data appears to show that big, block clearings that reflect industrial deforestation have come to dominate, rather than these smaller-scale efforts that leave behind long, narrow swaths of cleared land. Geographer Ruth DeFries of Columbia University and her colleagues
used satellite images to analyse tree-clearing in countries ringing the tropics, representing 98 per cent of all remaining tropical forest. Instead of the usual ‘fish bone' signature of deforestation from small-scale operations, large, chunky blocks of cleared land reveal a new motive for cutting down woods.B In fact, a statistical analysis of 41 countries
showed that forest loss rates were most closely linked with urban population growth and agricultural exports in the early part of the 21st century - even overall population growth was not as strong an influence. ‘In previous decades, deforestation was associated with planned colonisation, resettlement schemes in local areas and farmers clearing land
to grow food for subsistence,' DeFries says. ‘What we’re seeing now is a shift from small-scale farmers driving deforestation to distant demands from urban growth, agricultural trade and exports being more important drivers.’C In other words, the increasing urbanisation of the developing world, as populations leave rural areas to concentrate in
booming cities, is driving deforestation, rather than containing it. Coupled with this there is an ongoing increase in consumption in the developed world of products that have an impact on forests, whether furniture, shoe leather or chicken feed.
‘One of the really striking characteristics of this century is urbanisation and rapid urban growth in the developing world,’ DeFries says, ‘People in cities need to eat.’ ‘There’s no surprise there,’ observes Scott Poynton, executive director of the Tropical Forest Trust, a Switzerland-based organisation that helps businesses implement and manage
sustainable forestry in countries such as Brazil, Congo and Indonesia. ‘It’s not about people chopping down trees.
It's all the people in New York, Europe and elsewhere who want cheap products, primarily food.’D Dearies argues that in order to help sustain this increasing urban and global demand, agricultural productivity will need to be increased on lands that have already been cleared. This means that better crop varieties or better management techniques
will need to be used on the many degraded and abandoned lands in the tropics. And the Tropical Forest Trust is building management systems to keep illegally harvested wood from ending up in, for example, deck chairs, as well as expanding its efforts to look at how to reduce the ‘forest footprint’ of agricultural products such as palm oil. Poynton
says, ‘The point is to give forests value as forests, to keep them as forests and give them a use as forests. They’re not going to be locked away as national parks. That’s not going to happen.’ E But it is not all bad news. Halts in tropical deforestation have resulted in forest regrowth in some areas where tropical lands were previously cleared. And forest
clearing in the Amazon, the world’s largest tropical forest, dropped from roughly 1.9 million hectares a year in the 1990s to 1.6 million hectares a year over the last decade, according to the Brazilian government. 'We know that deforestation has slowed down in at least the Brazilian Amazon,’ DeFries says. ‘Every place is different. Every country has
its own particular situation, circumstances and driving forces.’ F Regardless of this, deforestation continues, and cutting down forests is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions from human activity - a double blow that both eliminates a biological system to suck up C02 and creates a new source of greenhouse gases in the form of
decaying plants. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that slowing such deforestation could reduce some 50 billion metric tons of C02, or more than a year of global emissions.
Indeed, international climate negotiations continue to attempt to set up a system to encourage this, known as the UN Development Programme’s fund for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD). If policies [like REDD] are to be effective, we need to understand what the driving forces are behind
deforestation, DeFries argues. This is particularly important in the light of new pressures that are on the horizon: the need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and find alternative power sources, particularly for private cars, is forcing governments to make products such as biofuels more readily accessible. This will only exacerbate the pressures
on tropical forests. G But millions of hectares of pristine forest remain to protect, according to this new analysis from Columbia University. Approximately 60 percent of the remaining tropical forests are in countries or areas that currently have little agricultural trade or urban growth. The amount of forest area in places like central Africa, Guyana and
Suriname, DeFries notes, is huge. ‘There’s a lot of forest that has not yet faced these pressures.’ Details Created: Wednesday, 21 March 2018 12:21 Hits: 39942 LEVEL: B2 The Sahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs of northern Nigeria and southern Sudan. Unfortunately, over the last century, the Sahara desert has
steadily crept southwards into once productive Sahel lands.
It is believed that over 70 percent of the dry land in agricultural use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, resulting from the pressures of increasing population. Overgrazing – keeping too many farm animals on the land – means that grasses and other plants
cannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Overcultivation – trying to grow too many crops on poor land – results in the soil becoming even less fertile and drier. Soil erosion follows, and the land turns into desert. Another cause of desertification is the loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and to clear land for agricultural
use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, to conserve moisture and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen wind and rain erosion increase, other plant species die and eventually the fertile topsoil may be almost entirely lost. The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are
irreversible. However, they are preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use have been shown to halt the deterioration of soils and lessen the effects of the shortage of rainfall. Source: Reading for IELTS (MACMILLAN) 1. Scan the text and complete the sentence. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer. Desertification is caused by overgazing, but this in turn is due to the pressure from _______________. When trees are cut down, the soil is affected, which leads to the death of the surrounding _______________. The consequences of the loss of topsoil cannot be reserved, but they are _________. Looking after trees reduces the
consequences of a lack of _______________ 2. Decide whether the following statements are true/false or Not Given according to the passage. The Sahara has spread slowly northwards into the Sahel region. Just over 70 percent of the dry land in agricultural use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. The advance of the desert is not the result
of poor agricultural land use. The loss of tree cover is a minör cause of desertification. If there is a loss of tree cover, the deterioration in the soil is halted. Click here to Show / Hide Answers. Exercise 1 a. english worksheets for grade 1 british curriculum increasing population b. plant species c. preventable d. rainfall Exercise 2 a. False. english
numbers in words from 1 to 1 b. Not given c. False d. Not Given e. essentials of firefighting 6th edition free download
False by Liz Reading lesson on Desertification to develop ideas and vocabulary for IELTS. This lesson will provide you with ideas and vocabulary for IELTS writing task 2, speaking part 3 and the reading test. Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water
as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem. Questions 1 – 8 Match each paragraph below to a title from the list. Not all letters will be used. A) Overgrazing B) Mass migration C) Overpopulation D)
Polluted drinking water E) Famine F) Extinction of species G) Deforestation H) Poverty I) Unsustainable agriculture techniques J) Soil infertility Reading Passage: Desertification Causes and Effects Causes of Desertification 1) Trees are being cut down at much larger scale than ever before to be used as fuel, to provide products we use in our daily life,
or to simply create more space for agriculture to sustain growing human population. Once the trees and other vegetation in an area are gone, there is nothing left to hold the soil in place. 2) Our planet’s ecosystems sustain life only when balanced. They can cope with incremental challenges and adapt but beyond a certain tipping point they collapse. A
rapid increase in the number of people demands higher amounts of natural resources and expands more and more over the landscape, leading to increased desertification. spoken english pdf in kannada 3) Improper irrigation methods used in arid areas, such as canal irrigation, lead to a buildup of salt in the soil and make it difficult for crops and
other plants to grow, increasing desertification. Similarly harmful is cultivation of already deteriorated lands. Through inconsiderate farming methods, farmers only speed up the process of desertification in exchange for poor quality crops with low economic value. fuwujamafuzezapiwugode.pdf 4) In arid regions, grass and other vegetation is
necessary to keep the soil in place. If such vegetation is used as feed for cattle without sustainable control, there is nothing that remains to prevent soil from blowing or washing away, and if this process occurs long enough, it can lead to desertification. Effects of Desertification 5) As desertification occurs, the soil can be blown or washed away, and
valuable soil nutrients are lost. As the soil dries out, it hardens and it becomes difficult for any rainfall that does occur to penetrate below the soil’s surface. 16125226858.pdf And what remains left is a lifeless pile of dust instead of a life-giving medium.
6) Due to drought conditions and a loss of productive land, local people find themselves and their livestock experiencing starvation. 7) Desertification events have been a major driver behind the movement of large human populations throughout history. When soils are not able to support their civilisation, people set on the move to look for better

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locations. 8) Species that once lived in a fertile and productive climate may not survive in a newly desertified region. Answers The answers are now available for this reading lesson. Click below for Answers: Answers Please remember that in the real IELTS test, if you are asked to write a letter, you must write the letter and not the word. Always
following instructions very carefully for IELTS. G Deforestation. Keywords: Trees are being cut down C Overpopulation. Keywords: A rapid increase in the number of people I Unsustainable agriculture techniques.
Keywords: Improper irrigation methods / inconsiderate farming methods A Overgrazing.
Keywords: feed for cattle without sustainable control J Soil infertility. Keywords: valuable soil nutrients are lost / soil dries out / lifeless pile of dust E Famine. Keywords: people find themselves and their livestock experiencing starvation. B Mass migration.
Keywords: movement of large human populations F Extinction of species. Keywords: Species …………………. may not survive … All reading exercises on ieltsliz.com have been designed by myself to help you prepare for your IELTS test. Liz All the best Liz The reading passage contains the following question types, Matching Heading Summary
Completion Matching Headings There will be a set of statements that should be matched to a certain paragraph for the matching heading kind of question. The test-taker must first analyse the statement, identify the paraphrase, locate the keyword in the paragraph, and choose the relevant answer. The matching heading assesses a test-taker’s ability
to understand the main theme of the passage. Summary Completion In the summary completion type of questions, there will be a summary of a section of the passage and the test-taker is required to complete the summary with information drawn from the reading passages.
The test-taker should fill the blank spaces with the number of words mentioned in the instruction box. Answers 14 Answer: x Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph B Answer explanation: The suitable heading for paragraph B is x – Flood Risks because the introductory line of paragraph B illustrates the 5 million people living in
areas regarded at risk of flooding in England and Wales. So, the answer is x. 15 Answer: i Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph C Answer explanation: Paragraph C illustrates the truth that forests are essential to the atmospheric balance of the planet and human well-being. The paragraph also highlights the critical issue of
global warming, which poses a threat to the planet and the fact that deforestation accounts for 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, we conclude that paragraph C demonstrates the atmospheric impacts. So, the appropriate heading is i – Atmospheric impacts. 16 Answer: iii Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph D, line 3
Answer explanation: The third line of paragraph D suggests that according to the research, an island that once had more than 15,000 people today has two-three thousand people who have survived on the island without trees. Various archaeological evidence proves that rampant deforestation not only led to the depletion of all the natural resources
from the island but also greatly affected the number of people who survived on that island. Therefore, the suitable heading for paragraph D is iii – No trees, less people. 17 Answer: v Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph E, line 1 & line 4 Answer explanation: If we read through the first line in paragraph E, we deduce that
forest management is essential to ensure that stocks are not depleted and whatever is cut down is replaced. The following fourth line states that consumer awareness is vital because simple changes in consumer activity can make a huge difference. Hence we understand that consumers must be conscious of taking care of the forests to bring a huge
difference. Thus, v – Look after the forests is a relevant heading to Paragraph E. 18 Answer: ii Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph F Answer explanation: When we go through paragraph F, we come to the conclusion that Japan is most often used as a model of perfect forest management. Here, “used as a model” refers to an
example and “perfect” refers to ideal. Therefore, ii – Ideal Forestry management example is an appropriate answer for Paragraph F. 19 Answer: xi Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph G, line 3 Answer explanation: In the third line of paragraph G, it is mentioned that, x “There is still a high demand for wood products in the
country, and the majority of these resources are simply imported from other, poorer nations. Indonesia is a prime example of a country that has lost large swaths of its forest cover due to foreign demand from countries like Japan. This is in addition to other issues such as poor domestic forest management, weaker laws and local corruption.
normal_641a7abe937c2.pdf Located around the Equator, Indonesia has an ideal climate for the rainforest. Sadly much of this natural resource is lost every year. Forest cover is now down to less than 51% from 65.4% in 1990. This alone is proof that more needs to be done globally to manage forests.” Hence, we infer from the quoted lines that
Indonesia is at higher risk, as it has lost a major portion of its forest cover due to Japan’s demand for wood products, and it has a range of complex issues that make it poor. Furthermore, Indonesia has lost much of its natural resources, such as its forest cover, which is now less than 51%. Therefore, the suitable answer for paragraph G is xi – Poorer
nations at higher risk. 20 Answer: viii Question type: Matching Heading Answer location: Paragraph H, line 1 Answer explanation: After reading paragraph H, we understand that China has taken the lead in restoring its forests in recent years since the Chinese government launched the Three-North Shelter Forest Program in 1978 with the goal of
completing the planting of a 2,800-mile-long green wall by 2050. Thus, the suitable heading for paragraph H is viii- Replanting forests. 21 Answer: 5 million Question type: Summary Completion Answer location: Paragraph B, line 2 Answer explanation: We can trace the information in Paragraph B, which illustrates that 5 million people are living in
areas considered to be at risk of flooding in England and wales. On the other hand, Britain is witnessing increased rainfalls due to global warming and deforestation. 31760797201.pdf Therefore, the answer that fits the sentence is 5 million. 22 Answer: store Question type: Summary Completion Answer location: Paragraph B, line 5 Answer
explanation: It is clearly mentioned in the fifth line of paragraph B that trees catch and store water to hold the soil together to prevent erosion. Thus, the answer is store. 23 Answer: landslides Question type: Summary Completion Answer location: Paragraph B, line 6 Answer explanation: If we scan the 6th line in paragraph B, we can understand that
the land is easily eroded with the removal of trees, increasing the risk of landslides. Thus, the answer is landslides. normal_642a0705ac24f.pdf 24 Answer: emissions Question type: Summary Completion Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2 & 3 Answer explanation: The statement is supported by references in the 2nd and 3rd line in Paragraph C,
which illustrates that scientists agree that global warming is a real and serious threat to the planet, with deforestation accounting for 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, we conclude that deforestation also affects global warming by contributing 15% of the greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the answer is emissions. 25 Answer: management
Question type: Summary Completion Answer location: Paragraph E Answer explanation: If we read paragraph E thoroughly, we can infer that forestry management is highly important to ensure that stocks are not depleted and that trees that have been chopped down are replanted. So, the answer that best fits, in summary, is management.
26 Answer: reverse Question type: Summary Completion Answer location: Paragraph H, line 7 Answer explanation: Paragraph H demonstrates China leading the way by replenishing its forests. In the seventh line, it is mentioned that the forested land in China increased from 17% to 22% in 2015, making it one of the few emerging countries to reverse
the negative trend. Thus, the reverse is the appropriate answer suiting the sentence. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic Forests are the lungs of the earth. normal_641a8abf9dbe5.pdf Destruction of the world's forests amounts to death of the world we currently know. To what extent do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Submit Task For Review ($15) Model Answer: There is no doubt that woodlands are a crucial source of air that we breathe. Although, some people may greatly underestimate the role of forests in our lives,
others, successfully realize the significance of forests to life on earth. I strongly agree with the latter view due to several reasons that I will discuss in greater detail in my essay. On one side of the argument, there are people who argue that forests are merely an abundant source of lumber. sending resume as pdf The main reason for believing this is
that people often do not easily recognize the impact of deforestation on our planet, such as the climate change. It is also possible to say that the increasing number of the population, may sometimes force governments to allow construction companies to excessively encroach on the available woodlands. One good illustration of this is the increasing
number of settlements being built close to the Amazon forests. Therefore, it is easy to see why this argument has gained support. Submit Task For Review ($15) On the other hand, it is also possible to make the opposing case. It is often argued that forests are vital for sustaining life forms. This is because plants produce oxygen, which is imperative for
the survival of humans. A second point is that, woodlands are a shelter for many forms of animals and birds which comprise a central part of the earth’s ecosystem. A particularly good example here is that whenever deforestation happens, many lifeforms disappear or die. pingulingo book pdf Thus, it goes without saying that I strongly support this
viewpoint since it is credible and realistic too. After having discussed the most pertinent points of this issue, I feel that the only logical conclusion is that the advantages of preserving forests outweigh the risk of deforestation. Hence, I strongly support the idea of preserving forests. Total Words: 298 Task Achievement: 7 Coherence & Cohesion: 7
Lexical resources: 7 Grammar: 7 Overall Score: Band 7 For unlimited feedback with speaking and writing tasks sign up for IELTS Twenty20 Online Course today! Study 20 minutes a day for 20 days and Ace the IELTS exam. Tags: model answer writing task 2