Gerunds Gerunds - Gerunds always end in –ing
- They are used in the sentence as nouns and in every way that any other noun can be used:
- Swimming is a good exercise. (subject)
- Jane does not enjoy cooking. (direct object)
- After eating, relax for a while. (object of preposition)
Gerund Phrases - Gerunds can have a direct object.
- To find out whether or not the gerund has a direct object, begin with the gerund and ask the following question:
- Gerund + whom/what? = direct object
Gerund Phrases - Example:
- Giving the money proved a mistake.
- Giving + What? = money
- Money is the direct object of the gerund.
Gerund Phrases - Gerund phrases can also have indirect objects:
- To find out whether or not the gerund phrase has an indirect object, begin with the gerund, locate the direct object, then ask the question to/for whom/what?
Gerund Phrase - Example:
- Giving Jerry the money proved a mistake.
- Giving + what = money (direct object)
- Giving money to/for whom? = Jerry
- Jerry is the indirect object of the gerund phrase.
Gerund Phrases - Gerund phrases can also have prepositional phrases in them:
- Giving Jerry the money on Friday night proved a major mistake.
- Since on Friday night tells when? The prepositional phrase functions as an adverb. It completes the gerund phrase.
Gerunds - Gerunds end in –ing
- Gerunds are nouns.
- To find out how they function as a noun, isolate the gerund or gerund phrase, locate the main verb in the sentence and the main direct object (if there is one). Ask the following question:
- What? + the main verb = subject
- Example:
- Giving Jerry the money on Friday night proved a major mistake.
- Proved is the main verb. Mistake is the direct object.
- What? + Proved a mistake=Giving Jerry the money
- The gerund phrase is the subject of the main sentence.
Key Questions to Determine Noun Functions in Gerunds - Subject + verb + what? = direct object
- We can’t afford making the same mistake.
- We + can afford + What? = direct object
- Answer:
- Making the same mistake is the direct object of the sentence.
Key Questions to Determine Noun Functions in Gerunds - Preposition + gerund phrase = Object of the Preposition
- Example:
- After waiting patiently for an hour Bill left the office.
- Waiting patiently for an hour functions as the object of the preposition.
Key Questions to Determine Noun Functions in Gerunds - Subject + verb + direct object + to/for what? = indirect object
- The tribe gave naming their children extreme importance.
- Tribe gave importance to what? = naming their children
- Naming their children functions as the indirect object of the sentence.
Key Questions to Determine Noun Functions in Gerunds - Subject + Linking verb + what? = Predicate nominative
- His hobby is collecting stamps.
- His mother is driving a car.
- Note: since the subject hobby cannot do the action of the verb (collect), collecting is a gerund.
- Collecting stamps becomes the gerund phrase and it functions as predicate nominative.
Summary of Noun Functions - What? + main verb = subject
- Subject + verb + what = direct object
- Subject + Linking verb + what = predicate nominative
- Subject + verb + Direct Object + to/for what? = indirect object
- Preposition + gerund phrase = object of the preposition.
Summary - Gerunds always end with –ing
- Gerunds are always nouns
- Gerunds can be
- Subjects
- Direct objects
- Indirect objects
- Objects of the prepositions
- Predicate nominatives
Note - Ask the key questions:
- What + the verb = subject
- Subject + verb + what = Direct object
- Subject + linking verb + what = Predicate nominative
- Subject + verb + direct object + to/for what = indirect object
- Preposition + gerund = object of the preposition
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