Gibridlanish

GIBRIDLANISH

Turi	Misollar keltirilgan.
SP Valent burchagi; 180^o Shakli; Chiziqli	C(karbin), CH2=C=CH2, CO2, CS2, KrF2, BeCl2, BaCl2, C2H2 va uning gomologlari molekulalarining uch bog’li qismi, HCN, ZnCl2, Berilliy birikmalari.
SP^2 Valent burchagi; 120^o Shakli; Burchakli Teng tomonli uchburchak	C(grafit), benzol (C6H6), vinil benzol (stirol C6H5C2H3), SO2, SO3, BCl3, BF3, BBr3, AlCl3, H2SO3, HNO3, HNO2, KrOF2, CO, CaCl2, GaBr3, -COOH, -CHO, O3, COF2, O2, H2CO3, aldegid, keton, HCOOH, SnCl2, SnBr2, SnS, SnF2, RbBr2 PbS2, COCl2, NOCl, NOBr, POF, POBr, С2H4 va uning gomologlarining qo’sh bog’li qismi, Bor va Alyuminiy birikmalari. (ajaratib ko’rsatilgan molekulalar teng tomonli uchburchak tuzilishga ega)
SP^3 Valent burchagi; 109,28 va 104,5^o Shakli; Burchakli; Piramida Tetraedr	С(olmos), Alkanlar va siklo alkanlardagi uglerod atomi , H2SO4, NH3, PH3, NF3, PCl3, NCl3, NH2SO3,SOCl2, SOGal2, NH4^+, H2O, H3O^+, HCl, HClO, HClO2,HClO3, F2O, CCl4, HClO4 (tuzlari), P4, SiO2, POCl3, H3PO4, P4O10, KrO2F2, MnO4^-, MnO4^2-, CH3NO2, CH4, CF4, SiH4, GeH4, NSF, SO4^2-, PO4^3-, OsO4, CuO4, BH4, PH4^+, XeO2, F2O3, (ajratilgan moddalar uchburchakli piramida va burchakli tuzilishga ega)
SP^3d Valent burchagi; 120 va 90^o Shakli; Tekis kvadrat, T-shaklda Chiziqli	PF5, PCl5, SOF3, SOBr4, SOCl4, XeO3F2, ClF2, XeOF2, SF4, ClF3, XeF2 (ajratilgan moddalar T-shakl tuzilishga ega)
SP^3d^2 Valent burchagi; 90^o Shakli; Tekis kvadrat, Kvadrat piramida, Oktaedr	SF6, SCl6, Ba2[XeO6], K4[Fe(CN)6], K3[Fe(CN)6, [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3, UF6, XeOF4, SF3, XeF5, XeF4, SCl4, ClF4 (ajratilgan moddalar kvadrat piramida va kvadrat tuzilishga ega), XeF6 PtF6, Na4[XeO6], Na6[XeO6], Ba3[XeO6]…OKTAEDR tuzilishga ega.

Gibridlanish.

1. (96-3-38). Markaziy atomi sp-gibrid-langan holatdagi zarrachani ko’rsating.

1. PO₄^3- 2. CO₂ 3. H₂O

4. SO₃ 5. BeC1₂

A) 2,3 B) 2,5 C) 1,2 D) 4,5
2. (96-4-10). Qaysi moddalar molekulasida markaziy atom sp³-gibridlanish holatida?

A) CH₄, H₂O, NH₃ B) BCl₃, NH₃, PH₃ C) SiH₄, CH₄, C₂H₄ D) H₂O, H₂S, BeF₂

3. (96-4-23). Muzning kristall panjara turi va suv molekulasidagi kislorod atomining gibridlanish turini aniqlang?

A) atom panjara, burchakli molekula

B) molekulyar panjara, sp³-gibridlanish

C) molekulyar panjara, sp-gibridlanish

D) atomli panjara, sp³-gibridlanish
4. (96-8-13). sp²-gibridlangan orbitallar yo’nalishlari orasidagi burchak qanday?

A) 180° B) 90° C) 120° D) 109°28'

5. (96-8-88). Quyidagi molekulalarning qaysilarida markaziy atomning gibridlani-shi sp-holatda bo’ladi?

1.BeCl₂ 2.CO₂ 3.H₂O 4.SO₂

A) 1,2 B) 1,3 C) 1,4 D) 2,3

6. (96-10-23). Qattiq uglerod (IV) oksid (quruq muz)ning tuzilishi qanday hususi-yatlar bilan ifodalanadi?

A) sp-gibridlanish, burchak 180°, molekul-yar kristall panjarali

B) sp²-gibridlanish, burchak 120°, molekul-yar kristall panjarali

C) sp-gibridlanish, burchak 109°, molekul-yar kristall panjarali

D) sp-gibridlanish, burchak 180°, atom kristall panjarali

7. (97-1-26). Kremniy (IV) oksidda krem-niy atomining gibridlanish turi qanday?

A) sp² B) sp³ C) sp D) dsp²

8. (97-1-44). Qaysi molekulada sp-gibrid-lanish amalga oshadi?

A) SO₂ B) CO₂ C) NO D) SO₃

9. (97-1-61). Grafit va olmos molekulala-rida uglerod atomining gibridlanish holat-lari qanday?

A) sp va sp B) sp va sp²

C) sp² va sp² D) sp² va sp³
10. (97-7-48). Fosfor atomining besh va-lentli holati uchun gibridlanish turini ko’r-sating (fosforning tartib raqami 15).

A) sp B) sp² C) s²p³ D) dsp³

11. (97-7-13). Markaziy atomining orbital-lari sp-gibridlanish holatida bo’lgan mole-kulalarni ko’rsating:

1-bor ftorid 2-berilliy xlorid 3-metan 4-bariy xlorid 5-asetilen

A) 1,2,3 B) 2,3,4 C) 3,4,5 D) 2,4,5

12. (98-8-80). Uglerod (IV) oksidda uglerod atomi

1) sp-; 2) sp²-; 3) sp³-;
gibridlanish holatida bo’ladi, chunki

4) uglerod atomining hamma elektronlari kimyoviy bog’lanish hosil bo’lishida ishtirok etadi

5) uglerod atomining 2p-pog’onachasida ikkita juftlashmagan elektron bor

6) uglerod(IV)oksid molekulasi chiziqli tuzilishga ega

A) 1,5 B) 2,5 C) 3,4 D) 1,6
13. (98-10-21). Tarkibida sp³-gibridlangan atom bo’lgan moddalarni ko’rsating.

1) metan 2) ammiak

3) ammoniy ioni 4) suv

5) sulfit angidrid 6) etilen

7) bor ftorid 8) berilliy xlorid

A) 1,2,3,4 B) 1,2,4,6

C) 4,6,7,8 D) 3,4,7,8
14. (98-10-23). Markaziy atomi sp²-gibrid-langan holatda bo’lgan zarrachalarni ko’rsating.

1) bor ftorid 2) etan 3) ammiak

4) etilen 5) berilliy xlorid

6) sulfat ioni 7) suv.

A) 1,2 B) 1,3 C) 1,4 D) 5,7
15. (98-12-41). Kremniy (IV) oksidda kremniy atomining gibridlanish turi qanday bo’ladi?

A) sp B) sp² C) sp³ D) sd

16. (99-1-38). Kremniy(IV)oksidda bog’-lar orasidagi burchak kristall panjara va gibridlanish turi qanday?

A) 180°, molekulyar; sp

B) 120°, atomli, sp²

C) 109°28', atomli, sp³

D) 109°28', molekulyar, sp³
17. (99-2-7). Karbinda C atomlarining gibridlanish turi qanday bo’ladi?

A) sp B) sp² C) sp³ D) sp³d

18. (99-4-39). Gipoxlorit kislota, xlorat va perxlorat ionlardagi markaziy atomlarning gibridlanish holati qanday?

A) sp², sp³, sp³ B) sp², sp², sp³

C) sp³, sp³, sp³ D) sp², sp, sp²
19. (99-6-49. Gidroksoniy ionidagi kislorod atomining oksidlanish darajasi, valentligi va gibridlanish turini aniqlang.

A) -2,3, sp³ B) -2,2, sp²

C) -3,3, sp² D) -3,2, sp²

20. (00-2-1). Gibridlanish natijasida atom-dagi orbitallarning soni o’zgaradimi?

A) o’zgarmaydi

B) kamayadi

C) ko’payadi

D) d-elementlar katnashganda kamayadi

21. (00-5-54). Quyidagi moddalar orasidan molekulasida sp²-gibrid holatidagi element atomlari bo’lganlarni ko’rsating.

1) propilen 2) berilliy oksid

3) bor ftorid 4) toluol

5) butin 6) alyuminiy xlorid

7) ammiak 8) gidroksoniy ioni

A) 1,3,4,6 B) 1,2,4,7

C) 2,3,6,8 D) 1,3,6,7
22. (01-2-26). Quyidagi molekulalarning gibridlanish holati to’g’ri keltirilgan qatorni tanlang.

1) SO₃ 2) COF₂ 3) CS₂ 4) SO₂

A) sp²; sp²; sp; sp² B) sp²; sp³; sp; sp C) sp²; sp²; sp²; sp² D)sp³; sp; sp²; sp²
23. (01-2-27). Quyidagi birikmalardagi oltingugurt atomining gibridlanish holati to’g’ri keltirilgan qatorni ko’rsating.

1) SO₂ 2) SO₃ 3) SF₆ 4) SO₃^-2

A) sp²; sp³; sp³d; sp²

B) sp; sp²; sp³d³; sp

C) sp³; sp²; sp³d²; sp³

D) sp²; sp²; sp³d²; sp³

24. (01-2-78). Ozon molekulasi hosil bo’li-shida markaziy kislorod atomining valent orbitali qanday gibridlanadi?

A) sp B) sp² C) sp³

D) gibridlanmaydi E) sp³d
25. (01-6-4). Qaysi birikmalarda sp²-gib-ridlanish mavjud.

1) oltingugurt (IV) oksid 2) ammiak

3) uglerod (IV) oksid 4) eten

5) nitrat kislota 6)Oltingugurt(VI)oksid

A) 1,2,3,4 B) 1,3,4,5

C) 2,3,4,5 D) 1,4,5,6

26. (01-6-10). [BH₄]^- ionida B atomining valentligi, oksidlanish darajasi va gibridlanish turini aniqlang.

A) 4; +3 va sp³ B) 3; +3 va sp²

C) 4; -3 va sp³ D) 3; -3 va sp
27. (01-6-12). [Cr(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ birikmasidagi xrom atomida qanday gibridlanish turi mavjud?

A) sp³d² B) sp² C) sp³ D) sp³d

28. (01-9-34). Xlorit kislotadagi markaziy atomning oksidlanish darajasini va gibridlanish xilini aniqlang.

A) sp ³,+3 B) sp²,+3 C) sp,+2 D) sp³, +2

29. (01-9-33). Gipoxlorit kislotadagi xlor atomining gibridlanish turi qanday?

A) sp B) sp³ C) sp² D) dsp²

30. (01-9-23). Quyida keltirilgan moddalar orasidan markaziy atomning gibridlanish turi sp³ bo’lganlarini tanlang.

1) uglerod(IV)oksid 2) kremniy(IV)oksid

3) sulfit kislota 4) ftor oksid

5) chumoli kislotadagi uglerod atomi

6) ammiak 7) sulfit angidrid 8) suv

A) 1,4,6,8 B) 2,4,5,8

C) 2,4,6,8 D) 3,4,6,7
31. (96-8-15). Silan molekulasining geometrik shakli qanday?

A) chiziqli B) tekis kvadrat

C) tetraedr D) oktaedr

32. (01-9-38). Quyidagi moddalarning qaysilarida markaziy atomning gibridla-nish turi sp³ bo’ladi?

1) bor ftorid

2) gipoxlorit kislota

3) uglerod(IV)oksid 4)kremniy(IV)oksid

5) bertole tuzi

6) ammiak

7) suv

8) metilnitrat

A) 1,4,5,6,7,8 B) 2,3,5,6,7,8

C) 2,5,6,7,8 D) 2,4,5,6,7,8
33. (01-12-21). NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, CO₃^2-, H₃BO₃ zarrachalarida markaziy atomlar qanday turda gibridlanadi?

A) sp², sp², sp², sp³ B) sp³, sp², sp², sp² C) sp, sp², sp³, sp³ D) sp³, sp³, sp, sp²

34. (02-1-23). sp²-gibrid orbitallar ishtiro-kida hosil bo’ladigan moddalar jumlasiga qaysi birikmalar kiradi?

A) azot(III) xlorid va bor xlorid

B) uchmetilamin va uchmetilbor

C) borat kislota va chumoli aldegid

D) benzol va siklogeksan
35. (02-1-75). Gibridlanish jarayonida kel-tirilgan holatlarning qaysilari yuz berishi mumkin?

1) gibridlanish jarayonida s- va p-elektron-lar ishtirok etadi

2) gibridlanish jarayonida faqat bor hosil qilayotgan toq elektronlar qatnashadi

3) gibridlanish jarayonida toq elektronlarga ega bo’lgan s-, p-, d- va f- orbitallar ishtirok etishi mumkin

4) gibridlanish natijasida atomlar orasida σ- va π-bog’lar hosil bo’ladi

5) gibridlanishda juft elektronlari bo’lgan atom orbitallar ham qatnashishi mumkin

A) 1,3 B) 3,5 C) 1,5 D) 2,4
36. (03-3-72). Quyidagi birikmalardan qaysi birida markaziy atom sp³d - tipda gibridlangan?

A) BF₃ B) NH₃ C) PF₅ D) SiH₄

TUZUVCHI: RASULOV MUSLIMBEK

Gibridlanish.
Kimyoviy bog’ hosil bo’lishida shakli va energiyasi bilan farq qiluvchi (s, p va d) atom orbitallarining bir–birini qoplab energiyasi va shakli bir xil bo’lgan yangi gibrid (chatishgan) orbitallar hosil qilishi gibridlanish deyiladi. Gibridlanish tushunchasi fanga 1931 – yilda L. Poling tomonidan kiritilgan. Uning quyidagi asosiy turlari mavjud:

Gibridlanish	Hosil bo’ladi
sp	1 ta s va 1 ta p orbitallarning qo’shilishidan hosil bo’lgan gibridlanish. Gibridlangan orbitallar soni 2 ta (1s + 1p = 2)
sp^2	1 ta s va 2 ta p orbitallarning qo’shilishidan hosil bo’lgan gibridlanish. Gibridlangan orbitallar soni 3 ta (1s + 2p = 3)
sp^3	1 ta s va 3 ta p orbitallarning qo’shilishidan hosil bo’lgan gibridlanish. Gibridlangan orbitallar soni 4 ta (1s + 3p = 4)
sp^3d	1 ta s, 3 ta p va 1 ta d orbitallarning qo’shilishidan hosil bo’lgan gibridlanish. Gibridlangan orbitallar soni 5 ta (1s + 3p + 1d = 5)
sp^3d^2	1 ta s, 3 ta p va 2 ta d orbitallarning qo’shilishidan hosil bo’lgan gibridlanish. Gibridlangan orbitallar soni 6 ta (1s + 3p + 2d = 6)
sp^2d	Bunday gibridlanish mavjud emas.

Atom orbitallarining gшbridlanishi.

Gibridlanish – shakli va energiyasi bilan farq qiluvchi (s va p) orbitallarining o’zaro qo’shilib energiyasi va ko’rinishlari bi xil bo’lgan yangi elektron orbitallarining hosil bo’lishi gibridlanish deyiladi.

Gibridlanishda – taqsimlanmagan juft elektronlar va sigma bog’lar qatnashadi.

Gibridlanishda s orbitaldan 1 ta, p orbitaldan 3 ta, d orbitaldan 5 ta gibrid orbitallar qatnashadi.