Nutq madaniyati tarixi. Qadimgi Rim va Yunon notiqligi
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Nutq madaniyati tarixi. Qadimgi Rim va Yunon notiqligi Nargiza, [24.07.2023 21:41] PROMOTED CONTENT  (https://fayllar.org/nutq-madaniyati-tarixi-qadimgi-rim-va-yunon-notiqligi- sharqda/#)  Женщину с детьми выгнали из бассейна за этот купальник (видео) (https://clck.mgid.com/ghits/16431364/i/57599753/0/pp/1/2?h=zlwD- v1QIz5XzWUs3prew- MF5SWUBBkwthkohrvitvFFHWwmCHV4KRfNR9gBIEm7wxNg9MqyB4M2pPt7rufh _g**&rid=e0c18a5e-2a42-11ee-aeeb- e43d1a2a96ec&ts=google.com&tt=Organic&att=2&abd=1&iv=11&prid=1&ct=1&g dprApplies=0&st=300&mp4=1&h2=F2kvq6rs3vodVtRL6saLavMcF5o5rY5kktMXgft Rr5s*&muid=n2bamtcZZBw5) RadarMedia (https://clck.mgid.com/ghits/16431364/i/57599753/0/pp/1/2?h=zlwD- v1QIz5XzWUs3prew- MF5SWUBBkwthkohrvitvFFHWwmCHV4KRfNR9gBIEm7wxNg9MqyB4M2pPt7rufh _g**&rid=e0c18a5e-2a42-11ee-aeeb- e43d1a2a96ec&ts=google.com&tt=Organic&att=2&abd=1&iv=11&prid=1&ct=1&g dprApplies=0&st=300&mp4=1&h2=F2kvq6rs3vodVtRL6saLavMcF5o5rY5kktMXgft Rr5s*&k=1267037fcffYmI4wt- fYmI4xnBffLTMyNzY4*C0zMjc2OA%3D%3Df!fS%2Bf%3Dfo%3DffMTkzLjg1MTU2M jV8MTc%3DffKZ4JbBff!fMfaHR0cHM6Ly9mYXlsbGFyLm9yZy9udXRxLW1hZGFuaXl hdGktdGFyaXhpLXFhZGltZ2ktcmltLXZhLXl1bm9uLW5vdGlxbGlna%241zaGFycWRh Lmh0bWw%3DfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvb%248%3DfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3 cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvb%248%3Df%24fLTMyNzY4*C0zMjc2OHwxNTB8MTA5MA%3D% 3DfNA%3D%3DfQf!fyfMTd8MTkz*DE0OXwzMjQ%3Dft!fMgfYmI4w_tf!fTW96aWx sY%2481LjAgKExpbnV4OyBBbmRyb2lkIDEwOyBNR0EtTFg5Tjsg%24E1TQ29yZ%24 A2LjExLjAuMzMyK%24BBcHBsZVdlYktpdC81MzcuMzYgKEtIVE1MLCBsaWtlIEdlY2t vK%24BDaHJvbWUvOTkuMC40ODQ0Ljg4IEh1YXdlaUJyb3dzZXIvMTQuMC4wLjMy MiBNb2JpbGUgU2FmYXJpLzUzNy4zNg%3D%3DffCfTGludXggYWFyY2g2NA%3D%3 DfMzAwfMHw1Mw%3D%3DfMzYw*DgwMA%3D%3Dfd2lmaXw0Z3wwf!f!f!fL18P O%3Bf*f*(X3bt.%3A&crst=1690217724&wrst=1690217724&muid=n2bamtcZZBw 5)  Жених прилюдно ударил невесту на свадьбе (полное видео) (https://clck.mgid.com/ghits/14456467/i/57599753/0/pp/2/2?h=zlwD- v1QIz5XzWUs3prewzWVf89M2gMkcb1Ba7uqYKDMOcggPbRlSTpognfBRhAP9wXa YLI2qyVzwlRQPWpHMg**&rid=e0c18a5e-2a42-11ee-aeeb- e43d1a2a96ec&ts=google.com&tt=Organic&att=2&abd=1&iv=11&prid=1&ct=1&g dprApplies=0&st=300&mp4=1&h2=F2kvq6rs3vodVtRL6saLavMcF5o5rY5kktMXgft Rr5s*&k=1267037fcffYmI4wt- fYmI4y93ffLTMyNzY4*C0zMjc2OA%3D%3Df!fS%2Bfgfh%3AffMTkzLjg1MTU2MjV8 MTE1ffKZ4JbBff!fMfaHR0cHM6Ly9mYXlsbGFyLm9yZy9udXRxLW1hZGFuaXlhdGkt dGFyaXhpLXFhZGltZ2ktcmltLXZhLXl1bm9uLW5vdGlxbGlna%241zaGFycWRhLmh0 bWw%3DfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvb%248%3DfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29 vZ2xlLmNvb%248%3Df%24fLTMyNzY4*C0zMjc2OHwxNTB8MTEyOA%3D%3DfOQ %3D%3DfQf!fyfMTE1*DE5M3wxNDl8MjY3ft!fMgfYmI4w_tf!fTW96aWxsY%2481Lj AgKExpbnV4OyBBbmRyb2lkIDEwOyBNR0EtTFg5Tjsg%24E1TQ29yZ%24A2LjExLjAu MzMyK%24BBcHBsZVdlYktpdC81MzcuMzYgKEtIVE1MLCBsaWtlIEdlY2tvK%24BDa HJvbWUvOTkuMC40ODQ0Ljg4IEh1YXdlaUJyb3dzZXIvMTQuMC4wLjMyMiBNb2Jpb GUgU2FmYXJpLzUzNy4zNg%3D%3DffCfTGludXggYWFyY2g2NA%3D%3DfMzAwfM Hw1Mw%3D%3DfMzYw*DgwMA%3D%3Dfd2lmaXw0Z3wwf!f!f!fLoKPS%24f*f*(X BbtV%3A&crst=1690217724&wrst=1690217729&muid=n2bamtcZZBw5) RadarMedia (https://clck.mgid.com/ghits/14456467/i/57599753/0/pp/2/2?h=zlwD- v1QIz5XzWUs3prewzWVf89M2gMkcb1Ba7uqYKDMOcggPbRlSTpognfBRhAP9wXa YLI2qyVzwlRQPWpHMg**&rid=e0c18a5e-2a42-11ee-aeeb- e43d1a2a96ec&ts=google.com&tt=Organic&att=2&abd=1&iv=11&prid=1&ct=1&g dprApplies=0&st=300&mp4=1&h2=F2kvq6rs3vodVtRL6saLavMcF5o5rY5kktMXgft Rr5s*&muid=n2bamtcZZBw5) Как разморозить мясо за 10 минут без помощи воды и микроволновки (https://clck.mgid.com/ghits/16431363/i/57599753/0/pp/3/2?h=zlwD- v1QIz5XzWUs3prew4FZKEIflMz7maEGyUjybo3KkCIhwW_Lnp7muFui_2iTaIR3M6z hmsX5XxRBk8HQ7w**&rid=e0c18a5e-2a42-11ee-aeeb- e43d1a2a96ec&ts=google.com&tt=Organic&att=2&abd=1&iv=11&prid=1&ct=1&g dprApplies=0&st=300&mp4=1&h2=F2kvq6rs3vodVtRL6saLavMcF5o5rY5kktMXgft Rr5s*&muid=n2bamtcZZBw5) RadarMedia (https://clck.mgid.com/ghits/16431363/i/57599753/0/pp/3/2?h=zlwD- v1QIz5XzWUs3prew4FZKEIflMz7maEGyUjybo3KkCIhwW_Lnp7muFui_2iTaIR3M6z hmsX5XxRBk8HQ7w**&rid=e0c18a5e-2a42-11ee-aeeb- e43d1a2a96ec&ts=google.com&tt=Organic&att=2&abd=1&iv=11&prid=1&ct=1&g dprApplies=0&st=300&mp4=1&h2=F2kvq6rs3vodVtRL6saLavMcF5o5rY5kktMXgft Rr5s*&k=1267037fcffYmI4wt- fYmI4_nqffMjg5*DE4Mg%3D%3Df!fS%2BfQ%3DfV!ffMTkzLjg1MTU2MjV8MTc%3 DffKZ4JbBff!fPfaHR0cHM6Ly9mYXlsbGFyLm9yZy9udXRxLW1hZGFuaXlhdGktdGFy aXhpLXFhZGltZ2ktcmltLXZhLXl1bm9uLW5vdGlxbGlna%241zaGFycWRhLmh0bWw %3DfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvb%248%3DfaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xl LmNvb%248%3Df%24fMjg5*DE0NDR8MTUw*DE0MzA%3DfMjA%3DfQf!fyfMTd8 MTkz*DE0OXwxNjg%3Dft!fMgfYmI4w_tf!fTW96aWxsY%2481LjAgKExpbnV4OyBB bmRyb2lkIDEwOyBNR0EtTFg5Tjsg%24E1TQ29yZ%24A2LjExLjAuMzMyK%24BBcHB sZVdlYktpdC81MzcuMzYgKEtIVE1MLCBsaWtlIEdlY2tvK%24BDaHJvbWUvOTkuMC4 0ODQ0Ljg4IEh1YXdlaUJyb3dzZXIvMTQuMC4wLjMyMiBNb2JpbGUgU2FmYXJpLzUz Ny4zNg%3D%3DffCfTGludXggYWFyY2g2NA%3D%3DfMzAwfMHw1Mw%3D%3Df MzYw*DgwMA%3D%3Dfd2lmaXw0Z3wwf!f!f!fMYYPL%3Df*f*(NF7rA%3B&crst=1 690217724&wrst=1690217732&muid=n2bamtcZZBw5) Nutq madaniyati tarixi. Qadimgi Rim va Yunon notiqligi (https://fayllar.org/1- amaliy-mashgulot-ona-tili-va-oqish-savodxonligi-darslarida-i.html) Sharqda notiqlik REJA. 1.Nutq madaniyati tarixi. 2. Qadimgi Rim notiqligi 3. Yunon notiqligi. 4. Sharqda notiqlik. 5. Xulosa Kishilar chiroyli, mazmundor nutq masalasi bilan juda qadimdan qiziqib keladilar. Qadimgi Gretsiya (Yunoniston) da va Rimda nutq madaniyatining nazariy asoslari yaratildi. Nutq oldiga qo’yiladigan talablar ishlab chiqildi. Bu davrda davlatning, savdo-sotiqning (https://fayllar.org/pulning-paydo-bolishi-va- zarurligi.html), sud ishlarining nihoyatda taraqqiy etishi, notiqlikni san’at darajasiga ko’tardi. Yetuk inson bo’lishi uchun albatta, notiqlik san’atini egallash shart qilib qo’yiladi. Ana shu ehtiyoj tufayli notiqlik nazariyasi yaratildi. Uning TSitseron, Demosfen, Kvintilian (https://fayllar.org/mavzu--garb- notiqlari-aristotel-sitseron-kvintilian-va-bosh-fa.html), Aristotelь kabi nazariyotchilari yetishib chiqdi. Eramizning 335 -yilida Aristotelning «Ritorika» si yaratildi. Unda notiq oldiga quyidagilarni vazifa qilib qo’ydi: - materialni har tomonlama tayyorlash; - materialni joylashtirish rejasini belgilash; - materialni o’zlashtirish, nutq qurilishini to’g’rilash; - notiqning nutq materialini o’rganishi; - materialni so’z bilan ifodalash; - nutqni talaffuz qilish, ya’ni nutq jarayoni. Bu talablar hozir ham o’z kuchini saqlab kelmoqda. O’sha davr sud notiqligida yuksak muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi (https://fayllar.org/ozbekistonning- ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy-rvojlantirish-holati.html), notiqlik san’ati nazariyasiga ulkan hissa qo’shdi. TSitseronning «Notiq haqida», «Notiq», «Brut» asarlari hozir ham ma’lum qimmatga egadir. Rim notiqlik maktabining yana bir buyuk vakili Mark Fabiy Kvintiliandir. U o’zining «Notiq bilimi haqida» kitobida bilimdonlikni notiqliqning birinchi sharti qilib qo’yadi. Kvintilian notiqlikka doir bilimni juda yoshlikdan o’rgana borish kerak, deydi. Nutqning tinglovchi uchun tushunarli bo’lishiga katta ahamiyat beradi. U: «Sen shunday so’zlaginki, seni har bir kishi tushuna olsin», - degan edi. Xullas, qadimgi Yunoniston va Rimda madaniy notiqlik nazariyasi rivojlantirildi. Bu nazariya keyinchalik Yevropada nutq madaniyatiga bag’ishlangan fanning maydonga kelishiga asos bo’ldi. O’rta Osiyo madaniyati tarixida ham nutq madaniyati bilan shug’ullaning o’ziga xos mavqega ega. Taniqli siyosatshunos olim Nazrullo Jo’rayev o’zining «Agar ogohsen...» nomli kitobida haqli ravishda yozganidek (https://fayllar.org/ozbekiston-xalqi- istiqlol-yillarida-erishilgan-salmoqli-yutuql.html), «TSivilizatsiya dunyoning turli mintaqalarida turlicha yuz berib, muayyan hududlar aholisi dunyoqarashi va turmush tarziga chuqur o’rnashgan. TSivilizatsiya, jumladan Yunonistonda nafosat, Hindistonda din, Ovrupada moddiy texnika taraqqiyoti (https://fayllar.org/mavzu-qishloq-xojaligining-moddiy-texnika-resurslari-fan- texni.html), Turonda esa axloq tarzida vujudga kelgan. Yurtimizda axloq benihoya serqamroq, qiyosi yo’q tushuncha sifatida ardoqlanib kelingan. Ma’nili va bejirim gapira bilish, nutqdagi ma’qul va noma’qul so’zlarni ilg’ay olish, so’zning orqa o’ngini, munosib o’rnini farqlay bilish, nutq odobi kabi fazilatlar Turonda inson umumiy axloqining ma’naviy rasoligining tayanch ustunlaridan sanalgan». Va’zxonlikning, balog’at (chechanlik, notiqlik) san’atining usuli bilan nutq oldiga qo’yilgan talablar mukammallashib bordi. Buyuk allomalar Abu Rayhon (https://fayllar.org/mustaqil-ishi-abu-rayhon-beruniy-buyuk-mutafakkir-olim-reja- ab.html) Beruniy, Abu Nasr Forobiy, Ibn Sino, Abu Abdulloh al-Xorazmiy, MahmudQoshg’ariy, Zamahshariy kabilar tilga, lug’atga, grammatika va mantiqshunoslikka bag’ishlangan asarlar yozdilar yoki boshqa sohalarga doir asarlarida bu mavzuga aloqador fikrlar bildirdilar. Buyuk qomusiy olim Beruniy (973-1048) o’zining «Geodeziya» asarining (https://fayllar.org/alibek-rustamov-alibek-rustamov.html) kirish qismida fanlarning paydo bo’lishi va tarmoqlanib ko’payishi haqida so’z yuritib, har bir fanning inson hayotidagi zaruriy ehtiyojlar talabi bilan yuzaga kelishini aytadi. Uningcha, grammatika, aruz va mantiq fanlari ham shu ehtiyojning hosilasidir. Inson nutqi o’z tuzilishi materialiga ko’ra rostni ham, Nargiza, [24.07.2023 21:41] yolg’onni ham ifodalashi mumkin. Bu ko’plab munozaralarga sabab bo’ladi. Inson bu munozaralar jarayonida rostni yolg’ondan ajratadigan «mezon» ni yaratadi. Bu mantiq fani edi. Inson nutqida shubhali o’rinlar sezilsa, ma’lum «mezon» yordamida ular tuzatiladi. Olim mantiqni o’rganmaganlarga: «Agar u dangasalikni tashlab, oromga berilmasdan (https://fayllar.org/1-amaliy-mashgulot-notiqlik- tarixi-sharq-notiqligi-2-soat.html), gap bilan bog’lanib keladigan nahv (grammatika), aruz (she’r o’lchovi) va mantiq (logika) ni mutolaa qilganda edi, so’z zotan, nasr va nazmga ajralishini bilgan bulardi», - deydi. Demak, Beruniy nutqning ikki xil - nasr, nazm ko’rinishi borligini ko’rsatadi. Nutqning bu turlari ma’lum qoidalar asosida shakllanadi. Beruniy shakl va mazmun birligiga katta ahamiyat beradi. SHakl mazmunga xizmat qilishi kerak. Mazmunsiz har qanday chiroyli shakl ham el orasida e’tibor qozonmaydi. Nutqning nasriy shaklida ham nazmiy shaklida ham mazmun bosh mezondir. Nutq o’zining har ikki shaklida ham so’zlovchi o’z oldiga qo’ygan ma’noni ifodalashi shart. Olim yozadi: «So’ngra so’z mana shu ikki qismda (nasr va nazmda) ham so’zlovchi maqsad qilgan ma’nodan iborat bo’lib qoladi». Nasriy va nazmiy nutqda mazmun (ma’no) bor yoki yo’qligini bilish tuzilgan gaplarni bir�biri bilan qiyoslash orqali aniqlanadi. Bu vazifani mantiq fani o’z bo’yniga oladi. «Xullas, yaxshi nutq tuzish uchun nahv (https://fayllar.org/tuzilishida-qisqa-va- chuziq-hijo-boginlarning.html), aruz, mantiq fanlari hamkorligidan foydalaning zarur bo’ladi. Ularning birortasiga ham ahamiyat bermaslik, bulardan Download 0.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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