O`ktamova Marjonaning “Etymological doublets” Mavzusidagi kurs ishi

O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI
BUXORO DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI
XORIJIY TILLAR FAKULTETI
INGLIZ TILSHUNOSLIGI KAFEDRASI
11-7 MBTXT-20-GURUH TALABASI


O`ktamova Marjonaning

“Etymological doublets”

Mavzusidagi

KURS ISHI

Xorijiy tillar fakulteti

5112200- Maktabgacha va boshlang`ich ta`limda xorijiy til (ingliz tili)
Ilmiy rahbar: Sadikov. E. T


BUXORO 2023
CONTENTS

1 What is doublet……………………………………….…………………………3

2 Etimological and pro-etimological doublets in English………………………..7
3 The morphosemantics of selected English doublets….……………..………….13
4 Words of French and Scandinavian origin………………..…………..………17
5 Semantic changes ………………………………………………………..……22
Conclusion………………………………………………………………….….….30
Reference………………………………………...…………………………….….32

1 What is doublet
In English grammar and morphology, doublets are two distinct words derived from the same source but by different routes of transmission, such as poison and potion (both from the Latin potio, a drink). Also known as lexical doublets and etymological twins. When the two words are used together in a phrase they are called coupled synonyms or binomial expressions.
Three words of this kind are called triplets: e.g., place, plaza, and piazza (all from the Latin platea, a broad street).
Examples and Observations
"English has many doublets from Latin sources. Usually, the earlier word came from Norman French and the later one came from central French . . . or directly from Latin. Occasionally we have three words, or a triplet, from the same source, as in cattle (from Norman French), chattel (from central French), and capital, all derived from the Latin capitalis, meaning 'of the head.' Another example is hostel (from Old French), hospital (from Latin), and hotel (from modern French), all derived from the Latin hospitale."
"It is no coincidence that the basic meaning of adamant was 'diamond.' The word diamond is a doublet of adamant, the two words having come ultimately from the same Greek source, adamantos.The present-day adjective, meaning 'unyielding, inflexible,' usually in the phrase to be adamant, is first recorded in the 1930s. It was apparently an extended use of such earlier phrases as an adamant heart (1677), meaning 'a heart of stone' and adamant walls (1878) 'stone walls.'
Cadet, Caddie, Cad-"In Medieval Gascon French, a capdet was a 'little chief, little head,' from the Late Latin capitellus, a diminutive form of Latin caput 'head.' The term was originally applied specifically to a 'younger son of a nobleman, serving as a military officer at the French court,' . . .. The term passed into Standard French in this Gascon sense, but later was generalized to mean 'younger (son, brother).'
"In the 17th century, French cadet passed into English, which reworked the French meanings and, in the process, created the doublet form caddie. During the 17th and 18th centuries cadet was used to mean 'junior military officer,' while caddie meant 'military trainee.' The 18th century also saw the creation of the abbreviated form cad, which seems to have had a variety of senses, all of them suggesting assistant status: 'assistant to a coach-driver, wagoner's helper, bricklayer's mate,' and the like Differences in Meaning and Form
"Doublets vary in closeness of meaning as well as form: guarantee/warranty are fairly close in form and have almost the same meaning; abbreviate/abridge are distant in form but close in meaning (though they serve distinct ends); costume/custom are fairly close in form but distant in meaning, but both relate to human activities; ditto/dictum share only di and t and a common reference to language; entire/integer are so far apart that their shared origin is of antiquarian interest only¹)
Doublets in Legal Language
"[David] Mellinkoff (1963: 121-2) indicates that many . . . legal terms appear in company--they are routinely used in sequences of two or three (doublets are also known as 'binomial expressions' and 'binomials'). . . . Everyday words can be transformed into legal formulae in this way. Melinkoff also points out that many doublets and triplets combine words of Old English/Germanic (OE), Latin and Norman French origins.Examples of doubletsof sound mind (OE) and memory (L)
give (OE) devise (F) and bequeath (OE)
will (OE) and testament (F/L)
goods (OE) and chattles (F)
final (F) and conclusive (L)
fit (OE) and proper (F)
new (OE) and novel (F)
save (F) and except (L)
peace (F) and quiet (L)

"These expressions are mostly centuries old, and some date from a time when it was advisable to use words of various origins either to increase intelligibility for people from different language backgrounds, or more probably it was intended to encompass previous legal usage or legal documents from both early English and NormanFrench² "The non-exhaustive lists below present a selection of doublets and triplets still commonly found in legal documents:

Doublets:
aid and abet, all and sundry, attached and annexed, ask and to answer, deem and consider, each and all, fit and proper, have and hold, legal and valid, true and correct, totally null and void, peace and quiet, son and heir, terms and conditions, last will and testament
Triplets:
cancel, annul, and set aside / ordered, adjudged, and decreed / signed, sealed, and delivered"
Morphological Doublets
"[M]orphological doublets (rival forms) . . . are pairs of synonymous complex words which share the same base but involve distinct formatives, e.g. two different affixes (cf., for instance, the existence of attested doublets in -ness and -ity: prescriptiveness/prescriptivity, etc.). One may predict that this sort of formal fluctuation is not likely to persist for a long time; usually, one of the rival forms eventually takes over and becomes established (thus strengthening the derivational pattern it represents) while the other variant sinks into oblivion (or they acquire specialized meanings, as in historic / historical, economic / economical)." (Bogdan Szymanek, "The Latest Trends in English Word-Formation." Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Štekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005)
Pronunciation: DUB-lit
For example, the English doublet-'frail' and 'fragile'-both come from the Latin adjective 'fragilis'. However, their meanings are not exactly the same. While 'frail' means weak and delicate when referring to a person, 'fragile' is used to refer to an object or even abstract concepts such as feelings that can be easily broken or damaged. The word 'frail' evolved to its modern use in a natural manner from its unchanged Old English and Middle English forms. However, 'fragile' is a 15th century borrowed word from Latin.
Many doublets and triplets combine words of Old English/Germanic (OE), Latin and Norman French origins. The various conquests in the history of England have much to do with this. Words from the languages of occupiers started to make their way into common language as the occupier's language became a social benchmark. The English language however, did go through influences beyond these as well.