Lecture 5 The plan of the lecture - 1. The study of grammatical classes of words.
- 2. Contemporary criteria for classifying words into parts of speech
- 3. A comprehensive approach to the discrimination of parts of speech
- 4. The notional and functional parts of speech
1. The study of grammatical classes of words. The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes of words are called ―parts of speech. Since the word is distinguished not only by grammatical, but also by semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars (V. Smirnitsky) refer to parts of speech as ―lexicogrammatical series of words, or as “lexico-grammatical categories”. - Prof. M. Blokh introduced the term “grammatical classes”. He starts from the assumption that what is traditionally called a part of speech is a type of word, which grammatically differs from other types of words.
- It should be noted that the traditional term ―parts of speech was developed in Ancient Greek linguistics and reflects the fact that at that time there was no distinction between language as a system and speech, between the word as a part of an utterance and the word as a part of lexis.
1. The study of grammatical classes of words. - The system of parts of speech is historically changeable, e.g. articles, modal verbs, statives were not recognized as separate parts of speech in Old English, though they are recognized as such The system of parts of speech is historically changeable, e.g. articles, modal verbs, statives were not recognized as separate parts of speech in Old English, though they are recognized as such in Modern English.
1. The study of grammatical classes of words. - As a matter of fact one should recognize that language vocabulary is not a chaotic mass of words, grammar organizes these words into grammatical classes of words and every new lexeme, appearing in the language, should join one of the existing classes and share the features of other lexemes of the same class. The theory of parts of speech is problematic and controversial, since many aspects of it have not been agreed upon. The most disputable issues are: 1) the principles of word discrimination; 2) the number of parts of speech in a certain language; 3) the qualitative division of parts of speech.
1. The study of grammatical classes of words. - Words are fundamental units in every sentence My brother drives a big car instinctively - brother and car are the same type of word and also that brother and drives are different types of words.
- brother and car belong to the same word class Brother and drives are different types, they belong to different word classes. We recognise seven MAJOR word classes: Verb be, drive, grow, sing, think. Noun brother, car, David, house, London.
1. The study of grammatical classes of words. - Determiner a, an, my, some, the.
- Adjective big, foolish, happy, talented, tidy.
- Adverb happily, recently, soon, then, there.
- Preposition at, in, of, over, with.
- Conjunction and, because, but, if, or.
1. The study of grammatical classes of words. 2. Contemporary criteria for classifying words into parts of speech The problem of word classification into parts of speech still remains one of the most controversial problems in modern linguistics. The attitude of grammarians with regard to parts of speech and the basis of their classification varied a good deal at different times. Only in English grammarians have been vacillating between 3 and 13 parts of speech.
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