Perfect continuous tense. British English and American English
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Reading: British English and American English. Speaking: Interesting facts about the English language. Grammar: Present perfect continuous tense. British English and American English. Although technically we all speak the same language (English), there are many differences between British English and American English: Pronunciation – Although the word might be spelt the same, it is possible that people from the UK and America pronounce it differently. E.g. the word ‘tomato’ is pronounced ‘tom - ah- to’ in the UK but ‘tom - ay- to’ in the USA and the word ‘mobile’ is pronounced ‘mow - bile’ in the UK but ‘mow - bl’in the USA. Spelling – There are a few major spelling differences between British and American English. This is because British English has generally kept the spelling of words that it has taken from other languages but American English has changed the spelling to look more like how the word actually sounds when you say it. British English American English colour color centre center organise organize travelling traveling licence license programme program Grammar – There are many grammatical differences between American and British English. For example, if someone asks if you are hungry but you have just finished your lunch, in British English you would need to use the present perfect tense, “No, I’ve eaten already”, but in American English you can use the past tense, “No, I ate already” (this would be incorrect in British English). Vocabulary – As you can see, there are many differences between British English and American English. However, the most complicated for English language learners is probably the differences in vocabulary, including idioms and phrasal verbs. Below you will see a few of the main vocabulary differences between British and American English: British English American English anti- clockwise counter - clockwise autumn fall boot (of a car) trunk chips fries or French fries crisps potato chips dustbin or bin garbage can or trash can film movie (or film) flat (to live in) apartment garden yard holiday vacation lift elevator motorway freeway or expressway nappy diaper pavement sidewalk petrol gas or gasoline postcode zip code queue line sweets candy torch flashlight trousers pants (or trousers) tube or underground subway zip zipper As you can see, there are many differences between American English and British English but don’t worry about it too much. Most Americans and Britons know many of the differences so you shouldn’t find yourself in too much trouble when you go on holiday! The most important thing to remember is try to be consistent (especially when you are writing English) – decide which type of English you are going to use and stick with it. It is also useful to decide which type of English you want to work on – if you want to learn British English, it is a good idea to study at a school in the UK (or the USA for American English) or check where the teachers are from before you book a course in your country. Have fun with English! Look at these pairs of words below. From the meaning or spelling, can you guess if they are British English or American English? 1. Aeroplane – airplane 2. Car park – parking lot 3. Theatre – theater 4. Drugstore – chemist 5. Aluminium – aluminium 6. Soccer – football 7. Lorry – truck 8. Cell phone – mobile phone 9. Trainers – sneakers 10. Defense – defence Aeroplane (BE) – airplane (AE), Car park (BE) – parking lot (AE), Theatre (BE) theatre (AE), Drugstore (AE) – chemist (BE), Aluminium (BE) – aluminium (AE), Soccer (AE) – football (BE), Lorry (BE) – truck (AE), Cell phone (AE) – mobile phone (BE), Trainers (BE) – sneakers (AE), Defense (AE) – defence(BE) INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world so it is not surprising that so many people want to learn how to speak English. In your English classes you no doubt learn interesting things but I’m sure you haven’t heard all of these facts before: ‘E’ is the most commonly used letter in the English language. In fact, as many as one in eight of all the letters written in English is ‘e’. More English words begin with the letter ‘S’ than any other letter of the alphabet. ‘I am.’ is the shortest complete sentence in the English language. The longest English word that can be spelled without repeating any letters is ‘uncopyrightable’. The following sentence contains seven different spellings of the sound “ee”: ‘He believed Caesar could see people seizing the seas’. Do you know what is special about the following sentence? ‘The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’. This type of sentence is called a ‘pangram’ as it uses every letter in the English language. The longest word in English has 45 letters: ‘pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis’! It is a type of lung disease caused by inhaling ash. There is no word in the English language that rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple. ‘Queueing’ is the only word with five consecutive vowels (five vowels in a row). This is a great word to use when you play hangman! ‘Pronunciation’ is the word which is most mispronounced in the English language! Due to a printing error, there was a word in the English dictionary from 1932 to 1940 which didn’t have a meaning. The word was ‘Dord’ and it became known as ‘ghost word’. Approximately one new word is added to the English language every two hours and around 4,000 new words are added to the English dictionary every year. English is the official language of the sky! It doesn’t matter which country they are from, all pilots speak in English on international flights. There are nine different ways to pronounce ‘ough’ in English. This sentence contains all of them: ‘A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed.’ You can search for these words on the Cambridge Dictionary website to listen to their pronunciation. The most difficult tongue twister in the English language is “sixth sick sheik’s sixth sheep’s sick”. Why not try it out on your friends and see if any of them can say it without making a mistake? HAVE FUN WITH ENGLISH! RIDDLES Can you work out the answers to these fun English riddles? 1. What has a face and two hands but no arms or legs? 2. What type of cheese is made backwards? 3. Which letter of the alphabet has the most water? 4. What begins with T, ends with T and has T in it? 5. Which month has 28 days? 1) A clock 2) Edam (spell ’made’ backwards) 3) The C (sea) 4) A teapot 5) All of them! Grammar. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE. Present perfect continuous form The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: The present perfect of the verb “to be” (have/has been), and The present participle of the main verb (base+ing) Affirmative: S+has/have been+V(ing) She has been running. She’s been running. Negative: S+has/have+not+been+V(ing) She has not been running. She hasn’t been running. Interrogative: Has/have+S+been+V(ing) Has she been running? Interrogative negative: Has/have+not+S+been+V(ing) Hasn’t she been running? Examples: to live, present perfect continuous affirmative Negative interrogative I have been living I haven’t been living Have I been living You have been living You haven’t been living Have you been living He, she, it has been living He, she, it hasn’t been living Has hee, she, it has been living We have been living We haven’t been living Have we been living You have been living You haven’t been living Have you been living They have been living They haven’t been living Have they been living Present perfect continuous, function. The present perfect cintinuous refers to an unspecified time between “before now” and “now”. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. They are interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished. 1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present. She has been waiting for you all day (=and she’s still waiting now) I’ve been working on this report since eight o’clock this morning (=and I still haven’t finished it) They have been travelling since last October (=and they’re not home yet) 2. Actions that have just finished , but we are interested in the results: She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious) It’s been raining (=and the streets are still wet) Someone’s been eating my chips (=half of them have gone) Verbs without continuous forms With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under “present continuous” I’ve wanted to visit China for years. She’s known Robert since she was a child. I’ve hated that music since I first heard it. I’ve heard a lot about you recently. We’ve understood everything we’ve heard this morning. Present perfect continuous and present perfect The present perfect continuous The present perfect simple To talk about a continuous, it often focuses on the action itself but not necessarily finished action or situation: I have been gardening since morning (focus on continuity) I have been reading since morning (focus on continuity) I’ve been reading the book recommened.(I’m enjoying it, but I’m not finished) To talk about finished action or situation: I have planted several new saplings. (Focus on completion) I have read two books since morning. (Focus on completion) I’ve read the book you recommended. (I’ve finished it, so we can talk about it) It doesn’t matter if the whole action is finished or not the result is often something we can see, hear, smell, or feel: I’ve been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table. She’s been doing her homework, so she’s tired. I’ve been making a cake, that’s why the kitchen is such a mess. The present perfect simple is used when the action is finished, and the result comes from the action being finished: I’ve eaten dinner, so let’s go out. She’s done all her homework, so she can relax this evening. I’ve made a cake. Would you like some? To emphasise to length of time that has passed They’ve been waiting for hours! (this Generally neutral, not emphasize the length of time: emohasises the length of time) They’ve waited for hours. (this doesn’t emphasise the length of time) Can not use to talk about how much, how many or life experience because it focus on the duration, not result She’s been drinking three cups of coffee this morning (not correct) To tallk about how much or how many or life experience: She’s drunk three cup of coffee this morning. She’s drunk at least a litre of coffee today. To emphasise that something is temporary She’s been running a lot recently (She doesn’t usually do this) Usually I study at home, but I’ve been studying in the library for the last week. Download 117.38 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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