To bilan kelgan shakli va to siz kelgan shaklidir. (to run, to see, to understand, climb, read, write). Infinitive

Unit 19 The infinitive – fe’lning to bilan kelgan shakli va to siz kelgan shaklidir. (to run, to see, to understand, climb, read, write).
* Infinitive fe’lning o’zak qismidir.
Infinitive ning 2 xil turi bor:
a) to – infinitive – Bu fe’lining hozirgi zamon ko’rinishidir to qo’shimchasi bilan.
I want to go now. – Hozir borishni xohlayman.
b) bare – infinitive – fe’lning o’zak qismidir. Faqat to qo’shimchasiz kelgan shaklidir.
You must go now. Siz hozir borishingiz shart.
Biz to – infinitive ni quyidagi holatlarda ishlatamiz:
* Mazkur fe’llardan keyin – want – hohlamoq, agree – rozi bo’lmoq, ask – so’ramoq, help – yordam bermoq, hope – umid qilmoq, tell – aytmoq, decide – qaror qilmoq, manage – uddalamoq, offer – taklif qilmoq, invite – chaqirmoq, taklif qilmoq, promise – va’da bermoq, try – urinmoq.
I want to see a film tonight. – Men bugun tunda kino ko’rishni istayman.
* kown – bilmoq, decide – qaror qilmoq fe’llardan keyin so’roq so’zlarimiz ( who – kim, what – nima, where – qayerda, how – qanday (qilib) )kelsa to infinitive ishlatiladi.
I don’t know what to do. Nima qilishimni bilmayman.
* too – juda, enough – yetarlicha, so’zlarimizdan keyin to – infinitive ishlatiladi.
He is too young to drive a car. - U juda yosh mashina haydashga.
He isn’t enough to drive a car. – U yetarlicha yoshda emas mashina haydashga.
* Maqsadni ifodalaganda, bu degani sabab ko’rsatiladi nima uchun kimdir biror narsani qilishiga.
He is going to the bank to get some money. U bankga ketayapti pul olish uchun.
Biz to siz ishlatilgan fe’lni quyidagi holatlarda ishlatamiz:
* Modal fe’llarimizdan keyin (can – qila olmoq, could – qila olgan, must – kerak, shart, needn’t - muxtoj emas, shall, will, may – balkim, mumkinmi) bare infinitive ishlatiladi.
He can’t read. – u o’qiy olmaydi.
* let – ijozat bermoq, make – qilmoq, majburlamoq fe’llaridan keyin to siz kelgan fe’l ishlatiladi.
My parents don’t let me stay out late. – Mening ota-onam kechgacha ko’chada yurishimga ruxsat bermaydi.
Mother made me clean my room yesterday. – Onam kecha xonamni tozalashga majburladi.
Too – juda, enough – yetarli(cha).
* Too sifat va ravishlarning oldidan keladi va bu biror narsa yetaridan ko’pligini ifodalaydi. Uning ma’nosi inkordir.
Too + sifat/adverb – dan keyin to si bor fe’l keladi.
He is too young to talk on the phone. – U juda yosh telefonda gaplashish uchun.
He was too late to catch the bus. – U juda kechikib qolgan edi avtobusga o’tirishga.
* Enough (yetarlicha) otlardan oldin ishlatiladi ammo sifatlar va ravishlardan keyin qo’yiladi. Enough – ayni hohlagan miqdorni ifodalaydi. Uning ma’nosi ijobiydir va enough dan keyin to – infinitive ishlatiladi.
We have got enough money to eat out. – Bizda yetarlicha pul bor ko’chada ovqatlanishga. (Biz ko’chada ovqatlana olamiz).
He is strong enough to climb up a tree. – U yetarlicha kuchli daraxtga chiqishi uchun.
Ing – fe’llarga qo’shiladigan orqa (o’zak) qo’shimcha.
Biz – ing ni quyidagi holatlarda ishlatamiz:
* Ot kabi/singari
Exercising is good for your health. – Mashq sog’lig’ingiza uchun foydali.
* Mazkur fe’llardan keyin kelgan fe’llarning o’zagiga ING qo’shamiz: like – yaxshi ko’rmoq, dislike – yomon ko’rmoq, love – sevmoq, hate – nafratlanmoq, prefer – afzal ko’rmoq, stop – tugatmoq, to’htamoq, finish – tamomlamoq, start – boshlamoq, begin – boshlamoq.
She stopped talking. – U gapirishdan to’xtadi.
*Predloglardan keyin fe’l kelsa fe’limizning o’zagiga – ing ni qo’shamiz.
I’m thinking of going to Italy _ Italiyaga borish haqida o’ylayapman.
* Go – fe’lidan keyin biror ish-harakatlar haqida gaplashsak go dan keyin kelgan fe’lga ING ni qo’shamiz.
They went shopping yesterday. – ular kecha bozorlik qilishga borishdi.
Bilib qo’ying: like/love + ing fe’l keladi: = umuman aytganda biror narsani qilishdan rohatlanishimizni.
I love travelling. Men sayohat qilishni yaxshi ko’raman (men umuman olganda sayohat qilishdan zavq olaman).
Would like/would love + to fe’l = men xoxlayman biror narsa qilishni.
I would like to travel to China one day. – Men kun kelib Xitoyga sayohat qilishni xoxlayman.
TOO MUCH/TOO MANY – JUDA KO’P
TOO MANY – juda ko’p (=yetarlidan ko’p, hohlagandan ortiq), too many sanaladigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi.
You eat too many sweets. – Sen juda ko’p shirinliklar yeysan.
TOO MUCH – juda ko’p (hohlagandan ko’p, yetarlidan ko’p), too much sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi.
You spend too much time talking on the phone. – Siz juda ko’p vaqtni telefonda gaplashib o’tkazasiz. (muhtoj bo’lgandan ham ko’p).