Trof about environmental pollution and ecological problems

TROF - ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Plan:
1. The main causes of environmental pollution.
2. Ozone air pollution.
3. Water environment and its pollution.
4. Changes in the lithosphere - soil pollution.
5. Biosphere changes and emergence of various diseases .
o f life environments on our planet: air, water, soil, flora and fauna, and many other important factors have changed dramatically in the current period. About this above, to some extent. data displayed. People themselves are the cause of this, of course. If we express a more precise opinion, it will not be a mistake to say that until now, people have abused all kinds of natural resources, i.e. organic and inorganic resources, and caused great damage to the environment. It should be noted that there are 80 bln. More than one person has lived (an account of French scientists) and, without a word, they had different effects on nature in different periods.
The human race appeared on the earth, and in order to fully satisfy the needs of all its life and activities, it was always in a thrifty (irrational) attitude towards the vital factors in the environment. Of course, in the early times, that is, in primitive times when people were not so numerous, natural areas were abundant enough on Earth and the environment managed to restore its natural parameters. was The fact that self-healing is inherent in nature is sufficiently substantiated in scientific sources.
In addition to the above, it should be noted that in the past several thousand years, the tools and equipment used in various fields, as well as other tools, were technically complex, especially not so much, as they are now. So, it can be said that the natural environment and vital resources have not been strongly affected. The impact on the environment and nature has increased tremendously in the last hundred years - the 20th century, mainly due to the unprecedented high level of science and technology.
profound ecological changes have taken place in the environment and the nature of the Earth. According to the data, 1000 years ago, the total human population on Earth was only a few hundred million people, and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was slightly more than 1.5 billion. Then the demographic growth became extremely strong (Demography is the science of population studies). To prove our point, we can mention: in 1940, the number of people in the whole world was 2.3 billion, in 1980 - 4.4 billion, and by the year 2000, it exceeded 6 billion people.
In the last century, scientific and technical discoveries and inventions began to be widely used in the production of various fields. The basis of this is the need to fully satisfy the needs of humanity, which has increased without a word, of course. All the necessary substances, products and materials began to be obtained only at the expense of indiscriminate use of natural resources: forests were cut down, vacant arid lands were used for agricultural purposes, many reservoirs were created, various types of land and underground mineral resources were mined and processed, etc. So, all kinds of industrial enterprises, equipment - vehicles, energy facilities began to operate on a global scale.
It is well known to many that almost all technical and technological devices emit extremely harmful foreign elements into the environment as waste materials. They are gas, liquid and solid chemical substances - products. In fact, they can also be recycled. But, in most cases, not only recycling, they are also thrown away without sufficient cleaning and disinfection. Even now, for the most part, it is. As a result, living environments have lost their natural characteristics and changed, resulting in various problems. Below are examples of the 4 main life environments on Earth.
Air pollution. It is known that the air environment is the most necessary for all natural factors. In other words, air ensures the implementation of energy exchange processes between all living organisms (plants and animals) and inanimate nature — a continuous substance between mineral rocks. Without the atmosphere, life would not exist.
Finally, while air is the primary living medium, Earth's weather is also an important factor in the periodic reshaping of its climate. To confirm our opinion, we present the results of some scientific observations and research conducted by scientists and specialists. It was found that without air, the night and day temperatures on Earth can differ by up to 200 °C. Naturally, no creature can live in such conditions, and it is impossible to tolerate it at all.
Air, in addition to being a source of respiration, serves as the main factor for the fulfillment of many natural processes on Earth, as noted above. One example is that the seasons, which repeat themselves over and over again each year, are characterized by their characteristic weather, rainfall, and other climatic features, due to the atmospheric medium.
and similar man-made factors are gradually created, and due to their activities, the negative impact on the natural environment increases. went In particular, many different gases, dirty gases and harmful substances began to be released into the air.
As a result of research and observations, it has been proven that chemical compounds in the air environment are exposed to oxygen gas and water vapor, and with the help of sunlight, various chemical, physico-chemical processes are formed and more dangerous chemical compounds are formed. For example, problems such as acid rain, falling snow of different colors and qualities, "Ozone depletion" and "Atmospheric pollution" are the consequences of such changes. In particular, the bitter (eye-searing) black smoke (smog) observed in the air environment of European cities, where there are a lot of industries and technical means, are also the products of poisonous gases and their compounds . is considered
By the present time, it should be noted that the technical and technological factors that pollute the air have increased a lot. For example, consider the operation of a single blast furnace operating in the metallurgical industry .
Natural mineral rocks are processed in them. In this case, along with the extraction of certain metals, tons of hot gases and carbon are released into the air at high temperature. such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, methane and other hydrocarbon compounds are thrown away. Similar waste gases boiler room, heat stations. it is also removed from various technical and transport vehicles.
According to the calculation - books, it was also determined that 1 passenger car consumes 2 tons of gasoline during 1 year with average driving activity. To do this, take 30 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere and replace it with various heated gases. that is, it emits 60 kg of carbon dioxide, 50 kg of methane and other hydrocarbons, 30 kg of nitrogen oxides, 5 kg of various mixtures (aerosols), up to 3 kg of sulfur oxides, 5 kg of benzopyrin, 700 kg of high-temperature carbon dioxide, etc.
At present, several hundreds of millions of cars, trucks , airplanes and steamships of various models, as well as various technical means based on internal combustion engines, are used worldwide. For these, as raw materials, fuels of different composition, structure and quality are used - oil and coal products, combustible natural gas, etc. As a result, air, as mentioned above. various toxic wastes are being dumped.
Another example, according to the observations and calculations made in the 80s of the XX century, during 1 year, around 260 million tons of carbon oxides, the same amount of sulfur oxides, 50-60 million Nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other gaseous organic compounds were released in the amount of t. Today, the gas and gaseous emissions released into the environment are more than that, and they are polluting the air environment at a terrible rate. It is well known to all of us that technical vehicles, energy equipment and facilities, industrial enterprises and other sources that produce such exhaust gases have increased tremendously in the world at the moment.
In addition to the above, as a result of newly created technical tools, labor and war weapons, even testing of space exploration vehicles (missiles), as well as various levels of wars conducted in certain regions of the Earth, many gas emissions enter the air. is polluting. Various types of environmental problems have arisen in the Earth's atmosphere due to such pollution. "Ozone gap", "Air leakage" ("Greenhouse effect"), changes in climate and weather parameters in several regions of the earth, especially floods, occurrence of excessive rainfall at an unexpected time. , acid rain, etc. are among these.
As long as the necessary measures to eliminate various environmental problems related to the air environment are not developed and implemented, life on earth may be in great danger in the future. That is why the world community unanimously and unitedly developed a number of necessary measures for the protection of the air environment (atmosphere). At the same time, it is also determined that each country must perform specific actions in its territory. In this regard, in our opinion, it is appropriate to bring various sources of air pollution under strict control and, if necessary, even ban their activity. In particular, the use of freon (chlorine-fluorine hydrocarbon compounds) in cooling agents is prohibited, of course.
Water environment and its pollution. In nature, sources of water suitable for consumption and the amount of water in them are limited. It was discussed before. Existing sources are also being polluted due to the mixing of various effluents and waste materials. It is well known to many that there is a problem of drinking water shortage in the world at the present time. It should be noted that such a problem exists in our republic and in the Central Asian region as a whole.
Current pollution of natural water sources is mainly due to sewage. As you know, dirty sewage usually occurs in 2 different ways: the first is caused by natural factors. These include runoff from rainfall, such as large amounts of highway and industrial runoff, and runoff from spring floods. The second way is a large amount of waste water generated by the activities of industrial enterprises, households and communal households.
The above-mentioned wastewaters, especially the second types, contain a lot of various harmful compounds that destroy the water environment and change its quality. It is known that at the moment, in one night, on the world scale, only at the expense of industrial enterprises, more than 100 million cubic meters

 
amount of dirty waste water is generated. One of the biggest problems is the presence of various foreign elements that are extremely harmful and dangerous for the biosphere, including toxic chemicals and various types of heavy metals (including radioisotopes), as well as bacteria - vims, which cause many diseases.
It should be noted that dirty wastewater occurs mostly in the following production areas:
- mining, metallurgical and some machine-building enterprises that process raw minerals
;
- energy ( NPP , heat electricity stations , boiler room and b .) Shabos ;
- cellulose and paper is small work release enterprises ;
- chemical , petrochemical and drug production (pharmaceutical)
enterprises;
- enterprises producing food and biotechnology products;
- agricultural production (agro-industry) and farming:
- wastewater generated in communal economy, domestic service industries and households, etc.
that even if the effluents that appear under the influence of natural factors (from time to time - different seasons ) fall into water bodies, over time, as a result of the continuous biological processes in nature. cleaning is inevitable. But some industrial wastewaters are very difficult to self-purify in nature. Therefore, it is desirable to thoroughly clean such wastewaters, right at their source. However. At present , many types of production effluents are released into the environment without being completely cleaned, and problems are occurring as a result. The many ecological problems observed in today's hydrosphere, especially the shortage of clean drinking water, the increase of diseases, etc. , are evidence of our opinion.
Untreated effluents that contaminate existing water sources can include runoff from areas of cropland and livestock farms. Due to the presence of mineral fertilizers (nitrates and phosphates) and residues of herbicides in their composition, various diseases are observed in living organisms that use such waters. For example, people can show cases of stomach malfunction.
Various effluents containing isotopes of radioactive elements such as uranium, plutonium, strontium, as well as lead, mercury and other heavy metals are extremely dangerous for living beings. It should be noted that there is a lot of contamination of natural water sources with radioactive substances, heavy metals and harmful bacteria. It has been determined that such wastewaters are mainly in 3 different ways:
- the first is AES in reactors using divided nuclear fuel of substance
residues waste waters to the composition passing through is also radioactive large output
 water basins to the bottom and land under layers between burial due to;
- second way — radioactive isotopes has been natural mines digging get
and washing in processes happen to be of effluents water to the basins to come
and join; So to the situation example, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan Republics
the border areas (for example, the Norin River);
- thirdly , it is effluents from hospitals and sanatoriums, as well as livestock farms, which eventually end up in water bodies.
From the above, it is possible to draw the following conclusion: on the basis of serious pollution of air and water environments, both gas-gaseous and liquid - sewage, which are carried out during the processing of natural resources (resources ) necessary for various production sectors, and solid waste matter. Due to Sunday emissions, not only the atmosphere and hydrosphere, but also the lithosphere and biosphere are increasingly polluted.
Changes in the lithosphere - soil pollution. With the passage of time, it is observed that in general, the composition and quality indicators of the Earth's surface layers are also changing. It would not be a mistake to say that there is no place left where the human foot has not reached, due to the increase of people on Earth, that is, the demographic factor. In other words, the uninhabited natural areas are decreasing sharply every year. It is well known that no matter where a person lives, he tries to satisfy his needs mainly at the expense of nature. At the same time. builds various production enterprises and begins to use various technical means, various forms of transport. The results of this can be clearly seen from the above information.
On the other side of the issue, that is, as a result of human activity (anthropogenic factor), not only the structure of the lithosphere, the state of all natural resources on Earth, but also the landscape of the Earth are undergoing drastic changes. Below are some examples to prove our point.
natural gas, oil, coal and various other minerals and materials are extracted from the bottom of the lithosphere in order to supply raw materials to various industrial enterprises of the district, the energy industry and other sectors . non-grain minerals are being mined. Also, underground water is being used rapidly. As a result, not only the reduction of natural resource reserves, but also the composition of the lithosphere layers are different ^; With the appearance of gaps in appearance and volume, shifts of the Earth's layers are also observed.
and processes specific to the underground layers are manifested in various ways. It can also be shown that landslides, earthquakes of various degrees and other types of abiotic events are being observed more and more. In addition, waste materials (nuclear waste), which are especially dangerous for the biosphere, are also placed in the lithosphere. All these are now creating new environmental problems.
We present a number of data on the amount of waste materials being released into the lithosphere. At the end of the 20th century , more than 100 million tons of solid waste of various contents were generated and released into the environment in just one year. Similar output in France is 600 million t . 5 billion in the USA. t . was more than Now, considering that there are more than 200 countries in the world, it is not difficult to imagine how much solid waste is generated in 1 year. Most of such waste materials are thrown into the lithosphere without being processed, cleaned, and neutralized, which will naturally cause many new environmental problems in the future.
Changes in the biosphere and the emergence of various diseases. As described above, the environment is a gas that is released into the environment. liquid sewage and waste materials in solid states are already causing great damage to nature. Various environmental problems now cover the biosphere (plant and animal world ) . The best evidence for this is the increase of plant pests, diseases and the reduction of their productivity, various diseases observed in the animal world, and even the disappearance of many biological species.
plant and animal species are disappearing in the future, they are suffering from serious diseases, including the increasing number of diseases of people, which can be learned from information sources. At the same time, since many biological species are disappearing every year in the world of flora and fauna, various measures are being taken to protect them. In various countries, including Uzbekistan, many "Reserves" and "State orders" have been established, indicating the protection of flora and fauna.