= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

4. The combinability of words
As already mentioned, only those combinations of words (or single words) which convey communication are sentences - the object of syntax. All other combinations of words regularly formed in the process of speech are the object of morphology as well as single words. Like separate words they name things, phenomena, actions, qualities, etc., but in a complex way, for example: manners and table manners, blue and dark blue, speak and speak loudly. Like separate words they serve as a building material for sentences.

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The combinability of words is as a rule determined by their meanings, not their forms. Therefore not every sequence of words may be regarded as a combination of words. In the sentence Frankly, my friend, I have told you the truth neither Frankly, my friend nor friend, I ... are combinations of words since their meanings are detached and do not unite them.
On the other hand, some words may be inserted between the components of a word combination without breaking it. Compare: a) read books; b) read many books; c) read very many books. In case (a) the combination read books is uninterrupted. In cases (b) and (c) it is interrupted, or discontinuous (read ... books).
The combinability of words depends on their lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical meanings. It is owing to lexical meanings of the corresponding lexemes that the word hot can be combined with the words water, temper, news, dog and is hardly combinable with the words ice, square, information, cat.
The lexico-grammatical meanings of -er in runner (a noun) and -ly in quickly (an adverb) do not go together and prevent these words from forming a combination, whereas quick runner and run quickly are regular word combinations.
The combination ^students writes is impossible owing to the grammatical meanings of the corresponding grammemes (Remark: with "*" we mark grammatically incorrect word-combinations or sentences).
Thus one may speak of lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical combinability, or the combinability of lexemes, grammemes and parts of speech.
Each word belonging to a certain part of speech is characterized by valency (валентнють) or, in other words, the combinability of lexical units. For example, in the sentence / tell you a joke the verb tell is two valent, and in the sentence / will tell you a joke about a Scotchman - three valent. We can also say that modal verbs are valent for infinitives and not valent for gerunds, e.g. I can't sing; nouns are valent for an article, e.g. a (the) table, that is modal verbs are combined with infinitives not gerunds, and nouns are practically the only part of speech that can be combined with articles.
It is convenient to distinguish right-hand and left-hand l onnections or combinability. In the combination my friend the word my has a right-hand connection with the word friend and the latter has n lelt-hand connection with the word my.
With analytical forms inside and outside connections are also possible. In the combination has already done the verb has an inside connection with the adverb and the latter has an outside connection with the verb.
It will also be expedient to distinguish unilateral, bilateral and multilateral combinability (одностороння, двостороння та багатосто-роння сполучуванкяъ). For instance, we may say that the articles in English have unilateral right-hand connections with nouns: a book, the hoy. Such linking words as prepositions, conjunctions, link verbs and modal verbs are characterized by bilateral combinability: book of John, John and Marry, this is John, the boy must leave. Most verbs may have:
/его (Go!),
unilateral (boys
bilateral (Krdid-^-it), \p 1 i у
and multilateral (Yesterday I <— saw—> him there) I Onnections. In other words, the combinability of verbs is variable.
One should also distinguish direct and indirect connections. In (he combination Look at him the connection between look and at, be! ween at and him are direct, whereas the connection between look ind him is indirect, though the preposition at [24; 28-31].
■ 5. The notions of grammatical opposition