= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73
knizhka Karamisheva
Participle I | ||
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Participle II | ||
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Voice |
written | |
|
Active |
Passive | |
|
writing |
being written | |
|
having written |
having been written | |
In Ukrainian participles similar to verbs have the categories of tense, aspect and voice. The participle retains the aspect of the verb from which it is built (виконувати - виконуючий, написати -написаний). Similar to adjectives it has the categories of gender and case and is coordinated in the form with the noun it precedes regarding its gender, number and case.
Taking into consideration their aspectual character Ukrainian participles are subdivided into active and passive ones. Each of these
groups has the present and the past tense (particiP*es do not й future tense).
Active participles point towards the char^cter °f some g
object. In the present tense they render the simijltaneous cnar the action with the action of the finite verb (У темшючоМУ небг яскраво сяяла вечгрня згрка). They are formed fr°m me stem present tense of transitive and intransitive verbs o* miperiectiv by adding suffixes -ач (яч), -уч (-юч) and adjectival e ё (правити-правлячий, eidno4ueamu — eidno4ued1°4UU)-
Passive participles render the quality of the action upon
the action is directed (Ha nicoeiu галявит сРгояла хата ™
очеретом). Passive participles in Ukrainian have опгУtne roftf1
past tense and thy are formed from the base of the infinitive by M
suffixes: -н (nucamu - писаний), -ен (-ен) (велгти - ее -т (мити-митий) [15; 188-189].
4. Its peculiar combinability partly resemblmg that or t (the participle is associated with adverbs, with nouns and pr denoting the object of the action), and partly that °*tne adjec lv *-modifies nouns) and of the adverb (it modifies vert78) L^ 190J-
As it has already been mentioned, the adjectival a adverbial features of the participle are connected w combinability.
English Participle II is mostly used witn nouns, e.g-' my forgotten friend ....
As to Participle I, the combinability of different gramrnemes is different.
The non-perfect active participle may modify both nouns
verbs, e.g.: his smiling eyes; smiling slyly, he
stretched out his hand.
The non-perfect passive participle usually modifies vef , occasionally nouns, e.g.: Not being invited thef^ * chose to У home.
The other gramrnemes are used only to modify vert» > Having been detained by the flood, he came late.
English participles like those of Ukrainian »nd other languaees may sometimes develop into adjectives, the idea °* quanty & overshadowing that of action, as in standing wat&r ~ стояча
186
187
charming woman - чаруюча жтка. They may develop into nouns, the idea of substance outweighing that of action - the wounded -поранений, the accused - обвинувачений. Both adjectivization and substantiviation involve the change of combinability and function that is they are cases of conversion.
The peculiarity of the English participle is its ability to build analytical forms like is asking, is asked, has asked, is being asked, etc. As to the verbal features of English Participle I they do not differ essentially from those of the infinitive and the gerund. Whereas the grammeme traditionally called "past participle" (Participle II) stands somewhat apart. It possesses a number of peculiar features which are worth considering in detail.
Subjective verbs such as to exist, to die, to lie (лежати), etc. which, as a rule, are not used in a passive voice, have no Participles II used independently (that is, they cannot be parts of analytical words). There are but a few exceptions to this principle such as: runaway, fallen, couched, collapsed, vanished, gone, come, faded withered, retired, e.g.: a fallen idol, vanished civilizations, dream come true, etc [24; 190].
5. Its most characteristic syntactical functions of attribute, adverbial complement, etc.
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