= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

Ukrainian дкприсшвник. Д1еприогпвник (or in translitera­tion "dijepryslivnyk") is the peculiar Ukrainian verbid combining the features of the verb and the adverb. It points towards some additional action and explains the main one, expressed by the finite verb [Bin iuioe co6i, похнюпившись, тихо в1дм1ряючи крок за кроком) [15; 191]. Thus, it is characterized by the following features:

1. 
   Its lexico-grammatical meaning of the "character or quality of some action".
   
2. 
   Its typical stem-building elements depend upon the type of dijepryslivnyk.
   

Diiepryslivnyky of the imperfective aspect (of the "present tense") are formed from the base of the present tense of verbs of the imperfective aspect with the help of suffixes -учи(сь), -ючи(сь), -ачи(сь), -ячи(сь), e.g.: пишучи, несучисъ, стваючи, вживаючись, лежачи, тжачисъ, стоячи, ставлячисъ. In English they mainly
have Participle I of the active state as their equivalent: writing, singing. д1еприсл1вники with the suffix -ся are rendered sometimes by the same participle of the passive state: being used.
Dijepryslivnvky of the perfective aspect (of the "past tense") are formed directly from the form of the masculine gender singular of the past tense of the perfective aspect with the help of suffixes -ши(сь), -вши, e.g.: npmic - npmicuiu, прочитав - прочитавши, умився -умившись, прийшов - прийшовши.
In English these dijepryslivnvky have as their correspondences different verb forms:
1) Perfect Participle of the active state, e.g.:
Зактчивши роботу, ми niumu додому. - Having finished our work, we went home.
2) Participle I of the active state, e.g.:
Bin стояв, прихилившись до crninu. - He stood leaning against the wall.
3) Gerund with the preposition, e.g.:
Виконавши заедания, вт повернувся додому. - After fulfilling the task he returned home [5; 102-103].
3. Dijepryslivnyk is the indeclinable word similar to adverb. It has common with the verb grammatical categories of tense, aspect and
state.
Aspect characteristics are expressed very distinctly, where dijepryslivnvky of the imperfective aspect correlate with verb forms of the present tense, compare: друкуютъ - друкуючи, смттъся -смтчись, сидятъ - сидячи, and the forms of the perfective aspect correlate with the verb forms of the past tense, compare: eidMoeue -eidMoeueuiu, пообщяв - пообщявши, пршхав - пршхавши. That is why dijepryslivnvky of the imperfective aspect are very often called dijepryslivnyky of the "present tense" though they do not necessarily render the present action, but usually have the task to show the simultaneous character of the action with the action of predicate. Dijepryslivnyky of the perfective aspect are in the same way called dijepryslivnyky of the "past tense", though they do not render the past action, but mainly point towards the fact that the action happened earlier than the action expressed by the predicate. So, the tense in

188
189

dijepryslivnyky is expressed as the relative one, dependent, that is such, which is perceived not in accordance to the time of speaking, bit in accordance to the action expressed by the predicate. To compare -English participles also express the category of tense relatively, not absolutely.
Some dijepryslivnyky can lose the verb features and transfer into adverbs. This process is called adverbialization. Compare the dijepryslivnyk and the adverbialized dijepryslivnyk: Лягаючи i встаючи, за кого молитесь? Чайка скиглитъ лшаючи, мое за дгтьми плаче (Т. Шевченко) [15; 192-193] .