= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

CHAPTER 7 Adverb as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian
languages
1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
Adverbs denote the quality of the action, certain characteristic, state or some property or point out towards the fact under which circumstance this or that action or state is taking place. In both languages adverbs are modifiers of verbs and adjectives, in English they are also modifiers of the words of the category of state (also called "statives" or "adlmks").
Adverb as a part of speech is characterized by the following features:
1. Lexico-grammatical meaning of "qualitative, quantitative or
circumstantial characteristics of actions, states or qualities".
2. Typical stem-building affixes, as in quick-ly, side-ways,
clock-wise, back-wards, a-shore, etc. in the English language.
In Ukrainian adverbs are often formed by adding the preposition no- (written hyphenated) (по-доброму, по-батътвсъки, по-вашому, по-перше); particles -то, -от, -таки, -будь, -небудь, казна-, хтозна- (десь-то, як-от, коли-небудь, казна-куди, хтозна-як, будь-де, etc. written hyphenated). Particles аби-, am-, чи-, що-, becoming prefixes are written with adverbs together (абикуди, абияк, ашколц нимало, неспоктно, шкуди, щоденъ, несхвалъно, etc.).

3. 
   The grammatical category of the degrees of comparison.
   

3. 
   Its unilateral combinability with verbs, adjectives, adverbs, less regularly with adlinks and nouns speaking of English adverbs. In Ukrainian adverbs usually modify verbs, showing different circumstances under which actions take place.
   
4. 
   The syntactic function of adverbial complement or adverbial modifier, sometimes other functions.
   

As the definition of the lexico-grammatical meaning shows, English adverbs may be divided into three lexico-grammatical subclasses: qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
197

Qualitative adverbs like loudly, quickly, brightly, etc. usually modify verbs, less often adlinks. They show the quality of an action or state much in the same way as a qualitative adjective shows the quality of some substance. Compare: speak loudly and loud speech, walks quickly and a quick walk.
The connection between qualitative adverbs and adjectives is obvious. In most cases the adverb is derived from the adjective with the help of the most productive adverb-forming suffix -ly. Like the corresponding adjectives qualitative adverbs usually have opposites of the comparative and superlative degrees.
Quantitative adverbs like very, rather, too, nearly, greatly, fully, hardly, quite, utterly, twofold, etc. show the degree, measure, quantity of an action, quality, state, etc.
The combinability of this subclass is more extensive than that of the qualitative adverbs. Besides verbs and adlinks quantitative adverbs modify adjectives, adverbs, numerals, modals, even nouns. E.g.: You have quite hurt him.