= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

and grammatical category
There is essential difference in the way lexical and grammatical meanings exist in the language and occur in speech. Lexical meanings i in be found in a bunch only in a dictionary or in a memory of a man, 0Г, scientifically, in the lexical system of a language. In actual speech .i lexical morpheme displays only one meaning of the bunch in each case, and that meaning is singled out by the context or the situation of ipeech (in grammar terms, syntagmatically). As mentioned already, words of the same lexeme convey different meanings in different lurroundings.

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23

The meanings of a grammatical morpheme always come together in the word. In accordance with their relative nature they can be singled out only relatively in contrast to the meanings of other grammatical morphemes (in grammar terms, paradigmatically).
Supposing we want to single out the meaning of "non-continuous aspect" in the word runs. We have then to find another word which has all the meanings of the word runs except that of "non-continuous aspect". The only word that meets these requirements is the analytical word is running. Run and is running belong to the same lexeme and their lexical meanings are identical. As to the grammatical meanings the two words do not differ in tense ("present"), number ("singular"), person ("third"), mood ("indicative"), etc. They differ only in aspect. The word runs has the meaning of "non-continuous aspect" and is running - that of "continuous aspect".
When opposed, the two words, runs and is running, form a particular language unit. All their meanings but those of aspects counterbalance one another and do not count. Only the two particular meanings of "non-continuous" and "continuous" aspect united by the general meaning of "aspect" are revealed in this opposition or opposeme. The general meaning of this opposeme ("aspect") manifests itself in the two particular meanings ("non-continuous aspect" and "continuous aspect") of the opposite members (or opposites) [24; 22-24].
Thus, the elements which the opposition/opposeme is composed of are called opposites or members of the opposition. Opposites can be different: 1) non-marked, 2) marked. Compare the pair of noun forms table - tables. Together they create the "number" opposeme, where table represents the singular number expressed by a zero morpheme that is why it is called the non-marked member of the opposition, and tables - the plural number expressed by the positive morpheme -s is called the marked member of the opposition. Non-marked opposite is used more often than the marked opposite is. The marked opposite is peculiar by its limited use.
Ferdinand de Saussure claimed that everything in language is based on opposition. On phonetic level we have opposition of sounds. On all levels of the language we have opposition. Any grammatical
form has got its contrast or counterpart. Together they make up a grammatical category.
A