= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

Parts of speech. The English at"* Ukrainian languages basically have a similar system of parts of speech. In both languages we can find the following parts of spech: ') ^noun (1менник); 2) adjective (прикметник); 3) numeral (числшник); 4) pronoun (займенник); 5) verb (д1еслово); 6) advert? (прислшник); 7) modal words (модальна слова), 8) preposition (прийменник); 9) conjunc­tion (сполучник), 10) particle (частка); 11) interjection (вигук).

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The distinctive feature of the English language in comparison with the Ukrainian language is the availability of such a part of speech as article that is the 12-th part of speech. Though according to B. Khaimovich and B. Rogovskaya, it is possible to distinguish not 12 but 14 parts of speech in English, namely: 1) nouns, 2) adjectives, 3) pronouns, 4) numerals, 5) verbs, 6) adverbs, 7) adlinks (statives or words of the category of state), 8) modal words (modals), 9) prepositions, 10) conjunctions, 11) particles, 12) interjections, 13) articles, 14) response words (yes, no) [24].
Different is not only the number of parts of speech but also the value attached to them in different languages. For example, in the book "Modern Ukrainian Language" edited by a well-known Ukrainian linguist Olexandr Danylovych Ponomariv [15; 113] it is stated that the central place in the grammar structure of Ukrainian is taken by a noun with a verb (a view shared by I.R.Vykhovanets'). An adjective and an adverb are considered to be peripheral parts of speech, and a pronoun and a numeral are taken beyond the notion of parts of speech. Although all these word classes are named conventionally as parts of speech or notional words (повнозначш слова) by modern linguistics. Prepositions, conjunctions, particles and link-words (зв'язки) are devoid of features possessed by parts of speech. They are called function words or particles of speech (службов1 слова або частей мови) whose purpose of existing is purely syntactical and which function as analytical syntactic morphemes. They are deprived of the independent naming function. They do not differentiate between lexical and grammatical meanings. Any relations can be expressed by particles of speech not on their own but only in combination with notional parts of speech or syntactic structures: брат i сестра, хоч бы не затзнитися, були задоволет. An interjection is considered separately: it belongs neither to parts of speech, nor to morphemes, but is related to the whole sentence. So the classification of words into parts of speech, particles of speech and interjections is treated on the basis of a morpheme, a notional word and a sentence. Besides modal words (considered, for example, by Yu.O. Zhluktenko as a part of speech also in Ukrainian) as well as
link-words are studied within the boundaries of syntax, and the category of state or stative is studied as a separate group within an adverb as a part of speech.
Many linguists point out the difference between such parts of speech as nouns or verbs, on the one hand, and prepositions or conjunctions, on the other.
For instance, B. Ilyish in his book "The structure of modern English" [8; 35] comes up with the idea that only prepositions and conjunctions can be treated as functional parts of speech.
V.V. Vinogradov thinks that only the noun, the adjective, the pronoun, the numeral, the verb, the adverb and the category of state in the Russian language may be considered parts of speech, since these words "can fulfill the naming function". Besides parts of speech he distinguishes 4 particles of speech: 1) particles proper, 2) linking particles, 3) prepositions, 4) conjunctions.
Other Russian linguists V. Zhigadlo, I. Ivanova, L.Iofic name prepositions, conjunctions, particles and articles as functional parts of speech distinct from notional parts of speech. Charles Fries ("The Structure of English") points out 4 classes of words called parts of speech and 15 groups of words called function words [24; 39].
According to B. Khaimovich and B. Rogovskaya function words can be called semi-notional. The difference between notional and semi-notional parts of speech is to some extent reflected in the phenomenon of substitution. Notional words usually have substitutes - other words with much more general meanings which are used to replace them in certain environments, e.g. nouns can be replaced by pronouns etc. The lexical meaning of semi-notional words is usually so weak and general that these words can hardly be replaced. Thus, prepositions, conjunctions, articles and particles may be regarded as semi-notional parts of speech when contrasted with notional parts of speech [24; 38-41].
So, as it is obvious from the mentioned above, the question, what parts of speech should be treated as functional or function and whether they are parts or only particles of speech, is still a controversial point in the theory of grammar.

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