= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
The grammatical structure of the English and Ukrainian languages has naturally a lot of differences. The Ukrainian language, as well as other eastern Slavonic languages (Russian and Byelorussian) has the typical flexional (флективний)/ synthetic (синтетичний) grammatical structure. It means that grammatical functions of words and their relation with other words in a sentence are expressed by the way of changing the word itself, that is by adding suffixes, with the help of the inner flexion (inner flexion - is differentiating of certain word forms with the help of vowel alternation (чергування голосних), e.g.: лягти - nk), consonant alternation and others. The English language vice versa has mainly analytical structure, at which the grammatical function of a word and its connection with other words are expressed with the help of special formal, or functional words (службове слово) (prepositions, auxiliary words etc) and the word order.
It is worth mentioning that the flexional structure of modern Ukrainian possesses a lot of phenomena which have distinct analytical character, for example, the future tense of verbs of the type буду читати, the conditional mood {читав 6и), building of the comparative degrees of adjective and adverbs (бтьщ визначний, найбтьш едало) etc. Though these analytical features are not dominating ones, they are not frequent enough to determine general character of the language grammatical structure.
It is quite obvious that the general difference of the grammar structure of both compared languages c»^uses 4^{uite a} number of particular differences in certain grammatical categories, as well as in features of some parts of speech.
The grammatical expression (грамзтичне оформления) of a word in Ukrainian is fulfilled mainly with ^the help of morphological means. That is why a word does not need & ^{much the outer} means of expression of its lexical and grammatical meaning. In the English language those parts of speech, that have W ^{a lar}ger degree preserved their flexions (for example, the verb), depend less on the outer means, than those parts of speech that have not preserved or almost have not preserved their flexions (for example, the rt^oun) and that is why they constantly have to interact with the outer means of expression of their meaning.
This is the reason why the boundaries between separate parts of speech in Ukrainian are more distinct and stable than in English. Possibilities of a word to change one part of speech into another are far less common in Ukrainian than in Ertglish. Such a conversion happens mainly in the sphere of names (suI>^stantivation of adjectives) (compare: вартовий, хворий). Strengthening °f ^{me wor}d in the function of the new part of speech is carried out very gradually, as a consequence of long-time/ durable usage.
In the English language morphologic»¹ expression of a word is much poorer, that is why syntactic expr^essi°ⁿ °f words gains a considerable weight in it. This is the rЈ^{ason wh}y conversion -transferring of a word from one part of sp^^ecn into ^ще other as the morphologic-syntactic way of word-formati^Dn belongs here to one of the most productive means of vocabid^ary enrichment. As a consequence, separate parts of speech do not nave in English such distinct boundaries as in Ukrainian [5; 36- 311